海难人命救助的法律义务与现实困境之间矛盾的破解

在海上救助遇险人员历来是船长的义务,但现实中却经常出现船长等责任主体漠视海上人命的极端案例。海上人命救助人的义务过重,加之缺少有效激励与保障机制,使得人命救助人面临巨大的道德风险。根据国际法与国内法的规定,人命救助人面临着义务与权利不对等、救助人命的系统性规制缺位、缺少优先救助人命的强制性规定等多种不利因素。现行海难救助国际公约和英国海商法已经将海难救助客体作了扩大,美国“好撒玛利亚人法”对救助人的责任做出了限制,适用准合同理论确认了救助人报酬的取得依据,有效地保护了救助人的救助积极性。借鉴先进立法经验,结合海难救助的实际,有关国际法律和我国《海商法》应明确生命权属于海难救助的客体,承认独立的人命救助报酬并建立报酬支付制度体系,结合优先救助人命的强制性规定,以法律的系统性调整促进海难人命救助的发展。

The Solution to the Conflict between the Legal Duty to Rescue Life in Marine Perils and Practical Predicaments

It has always been the duty of captain to rescue life in marine perils but there often emerge extreme cases that the captain and other responsible subjects ignore the life at sea in reality.The obligation of the life rescuer is too heavy the effective incentive and guarantee mechanism is in shortage and the legal system and norms are unscientific so the life rescuer faces great moral risks.According to the international law and domestic law life rescuer is faced with a variety of adverse factors such as the imbalance between obligations and rights lack of systematic regulations on life rescue and lack of mandatory regulations on the priority of life rescue.The current international conventions on salvage and Maritime Law of the UK have amplified the scope of objects of salvage at sea and the "Good Samaritan Law" of the USA limits the liability of the rescuer and adopts the theory of quasi-contract to confirm the basis of the rescuer's remuneration thus effectively protecting the rescuer'enthusiasm for rescue.By drawing lessons from advanced legislative experiences such as the "Good Samaritan Law" on basis of the actual conditions of salvage relevant international conventions and the Maritime Law of China should make clear that life is one of the objects of salvage recognize the independent remuneration for life rescue and establish remuneration system jointly promote the development of life rescue in marine perils through systematic adjustment of law and combining the mandatory provisions on the priority of saving life.