防卫意图是正当防卫理论的短板

正当防卫理论中的防卫意图,对于认定防卫人的行为是否成立正当防卫以及认定防卫过当行为的性质具有重要意义。然而,防卫意图这个主观要件已经成为正当防卫理论中的薄弱环节,司法实践也长期忽视防卫意图的评价功能。防卫意图不要说具有重大缺陷,在认定行为人的行为是否成立正当防卫时,仍应将防卫意图作为必不可少的构成要件。应将防卫意图理解为对意志因素的表达,即指行为人主观上制止不法侵害的愿望或追求。当防卫人制止不法侵害的行为明显超过必要限度时,若防卫人对此有明确认识,则不成立防卫过当,应以故意犯罪认定;反之,成立防卫过当。正当防卫意图的本质决定了防卫过当的行为属性是过失犯罪而非故意犯罪。

The Intent to Defend as the Weak Part in the Self-defense Theory

The intent to defend in the self-defense theory is of important significance in deciding whether a defender's conduct constitutes self-defense and deciding the nature of excessive self-defense.However,the subjective element of the intent to defend has become a weak link in the self-defense theory,and its evaluation function has been overlooked for a long time in judicial practice.The doctrine of not requiring the intent to defend has material flaws.The intent to defend should be regarded as an indispensable element when deciding whether an actor's conduct constitutes self-defense.The intent to defend should be understood as the expression of the will,namely,the subjective wish or pursuit of an actor to stop an illegal attack.When a defender's conduct of stopping an illegal attack obviously exceeds the necessary boundary,and if the defender has a clear knowledge of it,he/she is not guilty of excessive self-defense but an intentional offence,otherwise excessive self-defense is established.The nature of intent to exercise self-defense determines that the nature of excessive self-defense is a negligent offence rather than an intentional offence.