论出卖人返还财产请求权的属性及限制——以合同被撤销为切入点

因为我国法在物权变动模式上未采纳物权形式主义的立场,故当买卖合同被撤销后,出卖人请求返还买卖标的物的权利兼具不当得利返还请求权这一债权请求权和原物返还请求权这一物权请求权的双重权利属性。出卖人请求返还买卖标的物这一权利是否适用诉讼时效,应根据权利人请求权基础及标的物类型予以区别:若权利人主张行使不当得利返还请求权,不论返还标的物是动产还是不动产,均适用诉讼时效;若权利人主张行使原物返还请求权,仅在返还标的物属于普通动产或未登记特殊动产时,才有适用诉讼时效的空间。基于有效维护交易安全、保护当事人合法权益的考量,出卖人请求返还买卖标的物的权利不能对抗善意占有的第三人,且不论第三人所享有的是物权还是债权。未来制定我国民法典司法解释宜对此加以明确规定。

On the Nature and the Constraints of Seller's Right to Request for the Return of Property--A Focus on the Rescission of a Sale Contract

China does not adopt the formalist position of the real right in the mode of real right transference,so the right to claim the return of the subject matter has dual attributes:the claim based on a creditor's right for the return of unjust enrichment and claim based on a real right for the return of the property in its original form after the sales contract is declared revoked.The answer to the question of whether the seller's claim of the return of subject matter is subject to the limitation of action shall be distinguished according to the basis of the obligee's claim and the type of the subject matter.If the obligee applies for the exercise of the right to claim the return of unjust enrichment,no matter the subject matter to be returned is personal property or real property,the limitation of action shall be applied;If the obligee applies for the exercise of the right to claim the return of the property in its original form,the limitation of action may be applied only when the subject matter to be returned belongs to ordinary personal property or unregistered special personal property,for applying the limitation of action.For the effective maintenance of transaction security and protection of parties'rights and interests,the seller's right to claim the return of the subject matter should not be used against a bona fide third party,no matter the third party enjoys the real right or creditor's right,which should be made clearly in the future judicial interpretation of the Civil Code.