论不能未遂的处罚依据——主观危险理论之再提倡

对于不能未遂的处罚依据的认识,当下中国学界主要存在客观危险说、经验的危险感说以及主观危险说三种理论。客观的危险理论及其修正与经验的危险感说在理论本质以及判断逻辑方面都存在一定的问题。与之相对,主观的危险说具有与规范判断紧密相关的正当性依据,能够和我国本土刑法学理论与法律制度衔接,并且能构建逻辑自洽的着手概念。从正当性依据的角度来讲,法益侵害的危险是行为对规范的违反,通过行为哲学与刑法构成要件理论的双重证明,主观危险理论的正当性通过其与规范违反的紧密关联被体现出来;从与本土法律制度的衔接来看,我国刑法的故意概念包含的“认知”与“意欲”要素,为主观危险理论的“规范违反事实认知”要件与“规范违反行为推动”要件提供了刑法理论与制度的土壤;从着手概念的构建来看,结合主观危险理论的上述两个要件,行为着手的时点也能够合理地被构建出来。从主观危险理论中可以提炼出不能未遂案件司法判断的“三步走”的方法论,从而在分析实际案例中最终达到说理的科学性与结论的妥当性。

On the Foundation for the Punishment of Impossible Attempt--Re-advocating the Doctrine of Subjective Danger

As for the understanding on the foundation for the punishment of impossible attempt,there are three doctrines in the academia of China:the doctrine of objective danger,the doctrine of empirical sense of danger and the doctrine of subjective danger.There are some problems in the doctrine of objective danger and its variation,and the doctrine of empirical sense of danger in terms of the doctrinal essence and the logic of judgment.In contrast,the subjective danger has the legitimacy basis closely related to normative judgment,is in connectivity with local criminal law theory and legal system of China,and can lead to the logically consistent concept of beginning the perpetration.From the perspective of legitimacy basis,the danger of infringement upon the legal interest is the violation of norms by behavior,so the legitimacy of the doctrine of subjective danger is shown by its close relation to the violation of norms through the double demonstrations by behavior philosophy and the theory of criminal law on offense elements;From the perspective of its connectivity with the local legal system,the elements of"cognition"and"intention"contained in the concept of Intent in the criminal law of China provide the soil in terms of the criminal law theory and legal system for the elements of"factual cognition of normative violation"and"conduct promotion of normative violation"of the doctrine of subjective danger;From the perspective of the construction of the concept of beginning the perpetration,according to the above-mentioned two elements of the doctrine of subjective danger,the time point of beginning the perpetration can be reasonably established.From the doctrine of subjective danger,we can extract the methodology of"three steps"for the judicial adjudication of impossible attempt cases,to finally achieve the scientific reasoning and the proper conclusion in the analysis of the actual cases.