医患关系的形成与扩展:对美国法上几则新近案例的释读

在美国法中,存在医患关系是主张医疗损害赔偿的一个先决条件。医患关系是一种基于双方自愿的契约关系。医生没有直接接触患者并不妨碍医患关系的建立,医疗建议可以启动医患关系。与一个想分娩健康婴儿的孕妇形成医患关系的医生也与胎儿形成了医患关系。与医生这一职业人员存在相互关系的人可包括没有与职业人员建立严格/直接的契约关系的人群。医生的注意义务可扩展到与其不存在直接的医患关系但存在特殊关系的非患者。如果通行的注意标准所创设的义务明显有益于某些可以确定的第三方,该第三方处于可预见的危险区域,而医生知道此类第三方的存在,那么医生的义务将指向该第三方。当医生仅仅提供检查而没有对受雇者提供医疗和照护时,医生与被检查人员之间不存在医患关系。

Establishment and extension of physician-patient relationship-reading of some recent american cases

In American law,physician-patient relationship is a prerequisite of medical malpractice.Physician-patient re-lationship is a consensual and contractual one.The fact that a physician does not contact a patient directly does not mean that physician-patient relationship will not establish.Medical advice can create physician-patient relationship.The physician-patient relationship between a physician and a patient,who wants to have a healthy infant,will extend to the baby.The people who have a privity with medical professionals include those who do not have a strict/direct contractual relationship with them.Physician' s duty of care will extend to nonpatients who do not have direct physician-patient relationship but have a special relationship with a physician.If the duty created by prevailing standard of care is apparently in interest of some identified third parties,and those third parties are in the zone of foreseeable risk,and the physician know the existence of those third parties,then the physician' s duty will extend to those third parties.If what a physician provides is only examination and not medical care,the physician-pa-tient relationship between the physician and the examinee does not establish.