民法上“法益”概念的探源与本土化

《民法总则》第126条中的"利益",与我国民法学界持者甚众的狭义法益说中的"法益"含义大致相同,指的是权利之外应当受到法律保护的客体,是立法者为解决其预见性不足的弹性规范设计。上述界定与"法益"概念的原意不符,和刑法学界的惯常用法存在明显差别,属于概念移植过程中的本土化改造。"民事权利和利益"的二分法和狭义法益说在法理、逻辑上都不能成立,也不具备法益理论应当具备的分类、区分保护和评价功能,必然会造成立法表述与司法裁判说理中的冲突。"法益"概念的本土化界定,应当建立在共识的基础上,寻求统一的、适用于包括刑法、民法等在内的各个部门法的"法益"概念。"法益"是应当受到法保护的利益,此处的法既包括实然意义上的法律,也包括应然意义上的法。法益是权利的上位而非平行概念,《民法总则》第126条中的"利益"实质上是未被立法明文规定的未上升为权利的法益,未来修法时应将该条修改为"民事主体享有其他民事权利和未上升为权利的法益"。

The Origin and Localization Definition of the Concept of "Legal Interests" in Civil Law

"Interests"in article 126 in the General Provisions of the Civil Law has the same meaning with the category of "legal interests"that hold by a number of researchers in the academic circle of civil law,which refers to objects that should be protected besides rights,aiming to solve the problem of legislator ’ s insufficient foresight through elastic design specification. The above definition is not consistent with the original meaning of the concept of "legal interests",and is obviously different from the usual usage in the researching field of the criminal law,it is the localization transformation in the process of concept transplantation. The "dichotomy of civil rights and interests " and the narrow definition of "legal interests " could not established both in legal science theory and in logic,these thoughts do not have the functions of classification,protection under differentiation and evaluation that theory of legal interests must have. It will inevitably lead to the conflict between legislative expression and judicial judgment. The localization definition of the concept of "legal interests"should be based on consensus and seek for a unified concept of "legal interests"applicable to various departmental laws including criminal law and civil law. Legal interests means interests protected by the ex-positive law,and it is the upperseat concept of rights. Legal interest is the superior concept of rights,not a parallel concept,in essence so-called "interests"in the article 126 in the General Provisions of the Civil Law is just legal interests that not ascended as rights which not stipulated in laws,in the future revision of the law this article should be amended as"civil subjects enjoy other civil rights and legal interests that have not been elevated to rights".