风险升高与风险降低

由当代客观归责理论提出来的风险升高和风险降低理论都值得进一步反思。首先,任何与法益侵害结果具有因果关系的行为都必然在客观上升高了该结果出现的风险。其次,所谓风险降低理论实际上包含了三种应当运用完全不同的原理来加以解决的情况：第一,在＂真正的风险降低＂中,结果与行为之间根本不存在因果关系。第二,在行为人误认为其行为降低了风险的情形中,应从主观归责而非客观归责的角度出发排除行为的犯罪性。第三,在损害替换的情形中,应当在肯定行为符合构成要件的前提下,运用紧急避险或推定的被害人承诺的原理来探讨行为的违法性问题。最后,对于＂扳道工＂案件,不能以风险降低为名运用假定的因果流程来否定客观归责的成立。

Increased Risk and Decreased Risk in Objective Imputation Theory

The theories of increased risk and decreased risk which were developed by the objective imputation theory deserve further thought. Firstly, any act having causality with the results of legal interest violation must necessarily increase the risk of the results. Secondly, the so called theory of decreased risk actually encompasses three situations which should be resolved through different principles ： （ 1 ） In the ＂real case of decreased risk situation＂, there is no relationship between conduct and result. （2） In case of the actor misunderstands that his action decrease the risk, the exemption of criminality should be analyzed from the perspective of subjective imputation theory rather than objective imputation theory. （3） In the alternative damages situation, the prerequisite of the act in accordance with the constitutive requirements should be decided first, and then the illegality of the acts be discussed under the theories of act of rescue and the presumption of victim~ ac- ceptance. Finally, in the Switchman Case, the objective imputation should not be denied by the theory of the assumption of the causal processes in the name of decreasing risk.