承包地利用的守成与突破——以土地经营权法律定位的检讨为中心

农地家庭承包带来的分散经营的弊端,可通过在农户的土地承包经营权上为新型经营主体设立土地经营权而得到克服。新《农村土地承包法》创设的土地经营权,摆脱了集体成员身份对土地承包经营权的束缚,有助于更大程度释放农地的财产价值。“以其他方式承包取得的权利”应为物权性质的土地承包经营权,而非土地经营权。承包地因物权性利用和债权性利用之不同,各自法律效果存在明显差异。在三权分置的结构下,土地经营权的性质应属于债权。明确土地经营权性质,不仅有利于促进土地有效利用,还能够解决农地权利群的逻辑冲突。

On the Persist and Improvement of the Alienation of Rural Land

The malpractice caused by the household contracting mode in rural land can be overcome by setting up the land management right on the farmer s land contracted management right for the new right holder.The so-called land management right,which was created by the new Rural Land Contracting Law of PRC(2018 Revision),not only gets rid of the restriction of collective identity membership to obtain the land contracted management right but also helps release the property value of farmland more.Meanwhile,“the right obtained by other contracting methods”in rural land should be the land contracted management right with the nature of real rights,not the land management right.The legal effect of the contracted land is obviously different because of the difference in the way of utilization(in the way of real rights and that of obligations).Under the policy of“thrice-separated right”of rural land,the nature of the land management right belongs to the latter,forming an obligation relation.In fact,the identification of its nature is useful to promote the alienation of rural land.It can also deal with the logical conflict of the group of farmland rights in the legal application.