英国证据法中禁止反言的起源与主要形态

禁止反言是英国证据法的一个重要组成部分，也是诉讼中被作为抗辩理由提出的常用规则。禁止反言的形态从产生到发展已得到不断扩展，而证据法上的禁止反言主要表现为记录禁止反言或者现在更常提及的以先前司法程序禁止反言。民事诉讼中的禁止反言主要包括诉因禁止反言和争点禁止反言，并且通过判例发展出一些例外；刑事程序中的禁止反言只要表现为禁止双重危险（包括先前无罪开释和有罪判决的抗辩）与程序滥用，并通过《2003年刑事审判法》以成文法的形式作了例外规定。

The origin and main forms of estoppel in British evidence law

Estoppel is an important part in British evidence law, also a common rule used as a defendant plea in litigations. The forms of estoppel have extended since its origin. However, the main form appearing in evidence law is estoppel by record or estoppel by previous judicial proceedings, as more frequently mentioned. Estoppel in civil procedure mainly contains cause of action estoppel and issue estoppel, and there have been several exceptions developed from cases; while in criminal procedure the main forms are double jeopardy and abuse of process. Likewise, there are some exceptions written in Criminal Justice Act 2003.