历史视野中民法的“多彩人像”

对“民法上人”的特点或称“色彩”的假设是民法制度展开及其正当性的基础。罗马法上的人具有多神社会中“家”的祭司和二元社会中“家”的主权者双重色彩。近代民法上的人像包括人是“主体”的世界、抽象理性人、孤立的“经济人”三重色彩，其底色——对理性和人性的乐观主义，是近代个人主义的自由主义法律制度正当性的真正基础。人在工业社会的异化摧毁了乐观理性主义。社会学的发展揭示:人与人被无可避免地连结，非物质因素、非理性因素经常分别是社会发展和人类行为中的决定性因素。嬗变中的现代民法上人像色彩包括:被连结在社会网络中受约束的人、混合了自利和激情的有限理性人、平等性丧失的“具体”人、去神圣化的人、相互协作、相互关心的人。

“Colourful Portraits” of Civil Subject in the Historical Development of Civil Law

The assumption of the primary characteristics of"civil law"or the"color"is the basis for the development and legitimacy of the civil law system.In Roman law,the portrait of civil subject presents dual colors:the flamen of his family under a polytheistic worship society and the sovereign of his family under a dualistic society.During the modern society,the portrait of civil subject includes triple colors:an abstract rational person,an obsolete economic person and a person can only be considered subject.The ground color of persons in modern civil law is optimism to the reason and nature of human beings,which provides a real foundation to individualistic and liberalistic modern civil law system.Rational optimism was failed completely when human beings were objectified in industrial society.The development of sociology revealed that individuals are unavoidably bonded in society and immaterial factors and irrational factors always act as decisive power in social development and human behaviors respectively.It is very likely that colors consist of portrait of civil subject in contemporary society includes:a bonded person who take obligations under a social network,a limited rational person was combined with selfishness and passion,a unequal and specific person,a desanctified person,mutual collaborated and cared persons.