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The contact area of static and dynamic footprints: Forensic implications
Authors:Richa Mukhra  Kewal Krishan  Michael S Nirenberg  Elizabeth Ansert  Tanuj Kanchan
Institution:1. Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, India;2. Friendly Foot Care, PC, 50 W. 94th Place, Crown Point, IN 46307 United States;3. St. Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer St., Worcester, MA 01608 United States;4. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Abstract:When found at crime scenes, footprints may be evidentially valuable and can assist with the identity of a perpetrator based on their features and/or measurements. Footprints can be either static (made while standing) or dynamic (made while walking). While extensive research has been performed on the linear measurements obtained from static and dynamic footprints, research on the comparisons between the contact area of static and dynamic footprints in the forensic context are limited. The present study compares the contact area of static and dynamic bare footprints to determine if statistically significant differences exist between the two. Static and dynamic footprints were obtained from a sample of randomly-selected 461 Jatt Sikh adults (230 males and 231 females) of Indian origin between the ages of 19 and 32 years. The footprint contact area was calculated from each footprint (excluding the toes) using a PedoGRID® sheet. No statistically significant differences were observed between the contact area of static and dynamic footprints for each foot among males and females. However, statistically significant differences between both the sexes were found in the footprint contact areas of both footprint types. The right dynamic footprint contact area was found to be the most predictive measurement for classifying and estimating sex from a footprint’s contact area. The study has implications in the analysis of footprints recovered from crime scenes.
Keywords:Forensic podiatry  Static footprint  Dynamic footprint  Footprint measurement  Footprint contact area
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