刑罚根据完整化上的犯罪分类——侵害犯、危险犯、结果犯、行为犯的关系论纲

把结果犯、行为犯、危险犯作为犯罪既遂类型,是一种理论上的因果倒置。这些概念并不是在明确了犯罪既遂标准后根据既遂标准的不同所作的犯罪分类。相反,侵害犯与危险犯、结果犯与行为犯的划分,对犯罪既遂标准的确定具有理论指导意义。危险犯与侵害犯、结果犯与行为犯的划分需要以法益理论为前提,以完整化的刑罚根据为视角。侵害犯与危险犯是以犯罪完整化的刑罚根据在性质上的不同(是对法益的侵害还是对法益的危险)为划分标准的。结果犯与行为犯是以刑罚根据完整化是否包含结果要素为划分标准的。由于两组概念的划分标准不同,因而并非对应或者并列关系,也非包含关系,而是一种交叉关系。交叉的结果,便形成了四种犯罪类型:实害结果犯、危险结果犯、侵害行为犯、危险行为犯。这些犯罪类型的划分是理解犯罪既遂的基础,但并非从属于犯罪既遂理论。

On Crime Classification with a Complete Punitive Grounds

To see the result crimes, act crimes and danger crimes as kinds of complete crimes is a theoretical reversal of cause and result. On the contrary, the classification of harm crime and danger crime, result crime and act crime is a guiding test to specify the standard of complete crime and thek classifying tests are different and they are neither corresponding nor equaling sets of concepts but a kind of intersecting concepts. The outcome is four types of crimes: harm crime, danger crime, harming act crime and harming danger crime. They are not classified according to same criterion and can be the base to understand but not subject to the complete crime.