解读“技术侦查”与“乔装侦查”——以《刑事诉讼法修正案》为中心的规范分析

第十一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过了《关于修改<中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法>的决定》(即《刑事诉讼法修正案》),明文规定在《刑事诉讼法》第二编第二章第七节后增加第八节"技术侦查措施"。但是,《刑事诉讼法修正案》在技术侦查措施的立法技术上采取了"概括授权"的方式,即仅笼统规定侦查机关对于危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、重大毒品犯罪或者其他严重危害社会的犯罪案件,根据侦查犯罪的需要,经过严格的批准手续,有权采取技术侦查措施,而并未明确列举可采取的技术侦查措施的具体种类和手段。与此相关,《刑事诉讼法修正案》在"技术侦查措施"这一章节下同时授权公安机关为了查明案情,在必要的时候,经公安机关负责人决定,可以由有关人员隐匿其身份实施侦查,此即"乔装侦查措施"。问题在于,《刑事诉讼法修正案》在乔装侦查措施的立法技术上同样采取了概括授权的方式,除列举性地规定了作为乔装侦查方式之一的"控制下交付"之外,并未在立法上明文列举乔装侦查措施的具体类型和方式,其结果是造成《刑事诉讼法修正案》中"技术侦查措施"、"乔装侦查措施"等基础概念含义不清、相关法条内容模糊,减损了法条的可操作性,威胁到司法的确定性,可能直接或间接地冲击《刑事诉讼法》保障人权和打击犯罪的终极目的。《刑事诉讼法修正案》施行在即,上述基础概念的界定问题不解决,司法实务中将无法正确操作《刑事诉讼法修正案》中与"技术侦查措施"和"乔装侦查措施"相关的程序与制度。因此,应运用法律解释的方法对"技术侦查措施"和"乔装侦查措施"这两个基础性概念进行规范解释,勘定"技术侦查措施"和"乔装侦查措施"的合理内涵与外延。

Interpretation of Tech Investigation and Disguised Investigation: Centering on the Amendment to the Criminal Procedural Act

The Bill of Alteration of the Criminal Procedural Act of the PRC(i.e.,the Amendment to the Criminal Procedural Act) passed at the fifth session of theThe 11th National People's Congress,expressly provide Section 8,technical investigative measures,after Section 7 of Chapter 2 of Part 2 in the Criminal Procedure Law.However,the amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law adopted generalized authorization in legislative technique.That means after a strict approval procedures investigative organization could take the technical investigation measures to endangering national security 、terrorist crimes、mafia-type organized crimes、gravely drug crimes and any other serious crimes,if necessary.But,specific types and measures of the technical investigation were not named.Related to this in the investigative measures under this section of the amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law also authorize the public security organs,in order to ascertain the case,with the decision of the head of the public security,the relevant officers could invest with their identity be hided.That is disguising investigative measures.The problem is that the amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law also adopted generalized authorization in legislative technique.As the one way of the disguising investigation,controlled-delivery was listed,other types and measures of the disguising investigation were not named.The result is that the basic concepts,such as"technical investigation" and "disguising investigation"measures in the amendment of the Criminal Procedure Law and related legal provisions were not clear and weakened in operability.It is also a threat to the certainty of administration of justice.It may directly or indirectly impact the ultimate purpose of the Criminal Procedure Law which is to protect human rights and the fight against crime.The amendment of criminal procedure law is going into effect.Hence,on the verge of enforcing the Amendment,it is necessary for us to employ as a key measure interpretation to construe the significant concepts of tech investigation and disguised investigation and demark exactly their connotations and denotations.