谣言传播的个体心理模型及其运演规则——G.W.奥尔波特、L.波斯特曼《谣言心理学》述评

弗洛伊德将人类思想和行为的动力归因于潜意识的冲动,而奥尔波特则侧重研究处于意识体验中的健康个人的行动倾向,这也昭示其理论的人本主义性质,即个体具有一个“内在的自我”,它是一种稳定的心理结构,具有理性、能动性、选择性,不受环境或生理等其它因素的控制。文本试图构建人类群体中谣言传播的个体心理模型,揭示谣言传播的心理实质及其运行规律:一则模糊不清但含有语义要素的信息经过X轴向前运行,该段信息在被个体接收后,在自我意识层面以模糊性和重要性两个维度,进行一系列的转化并形成谣言信息。具体而言,信息模糊性是在个体意识层面感知、记忆和评述过程中产生,根据格式塔心理学的完整性原则,人们会对模糊的信息进行加工,使之更加具有合理性,合乎现实逻辑和自我需求,并使得信息的模糊性变成确定性。信息重要性是指Y轴动力系统中,在个体精神层面动机与需求的力的牵引下,信息被个体按照自己的情感愿望加工;在潜意识本我层面,信息被个体自我按照快乐原则投射到意识之中,使得信息对个体而言变得更为“重要”。以上过程,谣言生产的总体原则符合简化、强化和同化的歪曲模式。一方面,歪曲模式发生在自我对本我和超我的平衡点上(小我),内含潜意识向意识呈现、自我向超我及环境超越两大动力结构,推动“模糊性”向“确定性”转变;另一方面,歪曲模式同时发生在精神层(大我),行为动机和情感需求形成“重要性”驱动力。

The Individual Psychological Model of Rumor Spreading and its Operating Rules——A Review of Rumor Psychology by G.W.Allport and L.Postman

Floyd attributes the dynamics of human thought and behavior to subconscious impulses,while Alport focuses on the behavioral tendencies of healthy individuals in conscious experience,which reveals the humanistic nature of his theory,that is,the individual has an"Inner self",which is a stable psychological structure,rational,dynamic,selective,not controlled by other factors such as environment or physiology.This paper attempts to construct an individual psychological model of rumor spreading in human groups,and reveals the psychological essence of rumor spreading and its operating law:a piece of vague information containing semantic elements moves forward through the x-axis,after the message is received by the individual,it is transformed into a series of false information in two dimensions of fuzziness and importance at the level of self-consciousness.Specifically,information fuzziness arises in the process of perception,memory,and comment at the level of the individual's consciousness,and according to the Gestalt psychology principle,people will process fuzzy information to make it more reasonable,it conformable to the realistic logic and self-demand,and make the fuzziness of information become"Certainty".The importance of information means that in the y-axis dynamic system,under the traction of individual spiritual motivation and demand,information is processed by individuals according to their own emotional wishes;At the level of subconscious ID,information is projected into consciousness by individual self according to the principle of happiness,which makes information more"important"to individuals.In the above process,the general principle of rumor production conforms to the distortion pattern of simplification,reinforcement and assimilation.On the one hand,the distortion pattern occurs at the balance point between the ego and the superego(ego),which contains two dynamic structures,the subliminal representation to consciousness,the ego to the superego and the transcendence of environment,and promotes the transformation from"ambiguity"to"certainty".On the other hand,the distortion pattern occurs simultaneously in the spiritual layer(the greater self),with behavioral motivation and emotional needs forming the"importance"drive.