低轨大型星座下空间交通管理的安全挑战与应对

低轨大型星座的快速发展使外层空间安全环境发生了显著变化。在军民融合加深、大国竞争加剧、外空武器化战场化趋势的背景下，愈发繁忙拥挤的外空环境不仅给外空活动的业务安全保障造成严峻挑战，还带来了战略误判和冲突升级等国家空间安全层面的挑战。构建一套能够覆盖两个安全层面的国际空间交通管理机制具有现实必要性和紧迫性。当前的空间交通管理概念对国家空间安全要素考量不足，有必要结合国际外空治理在空间物体登记、外空活动透明度、空间监测与跟踪能力提升以及空间碎片治理等方面的现实需求，明确完善空间物体登记机制、保障空间业务安全和协调国家空间安全这三大空间交通管理任务。面对空间交通管理亟须应对的空间安全问题，国际社会应着力完善星座登记、促进星座信息共享与提升活动透明度，从而构建一体两面的安全机制，保障外空活动和空间环境的长期可持续发展。

Safety and Security Challenges and Responses to Space Traffic Management in the Context of Large LEO Constellations

The rapid development of large low-orbit constellations has led to dramatic changes in the safety and security environment of outer space. Against the backdrop of deepened civil-military integration, intensified major-country competition as well as the militarization of outer space, the increasingly crowded outer space has not only posed serious risks to the operational safety of space activities, but also brought about great challenges to national space security, such as strategic miscalculation and conflict escalation. For this reason, it is a matter of practical urgency to establish a set of space traffic management mechanisms that cover both safety and security concerns. As the current concept of space traffic management lacks adequate consideration of national space security, it is necessary to grasp the reality of international space governance in terms of the registration of space objects, the transparency of space activities, the enhancement of space monitoring and tracking capabilities and the governance of space debris, further clarifying the following three major tasks of improving the space object registration system, ensuring the safety of space operations and coordinating national space security efforts in space traffic management. In order to efficiently and effectively address key space safety and security issues through space traffic management, the international community should improve the registration mechanism for constellations, make constellation information sharing policies, and build a two-fold safety and security mechanism to guarantee the long-term sustainable development of outer space activities and protect the space environment.