欧美科技制裁协作的动力与分歧：基于欧盟的视角

科技制裁在持续的军事冲突中发挥着关键作用，在和平时期的地缘政治中也从未消失。欧盟与美国是最大的制裁实施者，双方的制裁协作在多个地区和领域产生了重要影响。虽然欧美科技制裁协作较为频繁，但欧盟和美国在制裁政策上仍存在诸多分歧。文章从欧美价值观、安全威胁和二级制裁这三个维度出发，剖析欧盟与美国进行科技制裁协作的动因与诱发分歧的因素，并选择俄罗斯、伊朗和中国这三个具有代表性和差异性的案例进行比较。欧盟与美国对俄罗斯的制裁协作水平最高；在伊朗案例中，二级制裁因素带来的欧美分歧较为突出；在中国案例中，欧美尚未达成明显的制裁共识。共同价值观、安全威胁的紧迫性、二级制裁压力等要素是促使欧盟参与美国科技制裁的重要动因。然而，不同的外交政策理念、安全认知的错位和二级制裁的反作用力也使欧美分歧难以弥合，大大削减了制裁效率。

Dynamics and Divergences of the EU-US Collaboration on Technology Sanctions : From an EU Perspective

Technology sanctions have been playing a critical role in both military conflicts and peacetime geopolitics. The European Union and the United States are the biggest senders of sanctions, and their collaboration on sanctions has been influential in many regions and areas. Despite the high frequency of collaboration on technology sanctions, many divergences arise between the EU and the US in terms of sanction policies. Starting from such dimensions as common values, security threats, and secondary sanctions, this paper aims to establish a theoretical framework for analyzing the motivating factors that facilitate collaboration and the contributing factors that induce divergences in the EU and US technology sanctions. It has selected three cases related to Russia, Iran and China for comparison. The findings are that the EU and the US have the highest level of collaboration on imposing sanctions against Russia. In the case of Iran, more prominent divergences related to secondary sanctions have appeared. As regards China, no clear consensus on technology sanctions has been reached yet. This paper argues that common values, urgency of security threats and pressure of secondary sanctions are important driving factors for the EU to collaborate with the US on technology sanctions. However, different foreign policy concepts, misalignment of security perceptions and the countervailing force of secondary sanctions also make it difficult to bridge the differences between the EU and the US, thus significantly reducing the efficiency of sanctions.