儒家思想与压力应对:应激研究的本土心理学视角

儒家式应对思想包括对压力的认知以及针对压力的应对行为。儒家面对挫折和困苦的态度是坦然的,艰难困苦是成长必须经历的。当压力与困境超出个人能力时,儒家引入命的概念来缓解个人面临重大压力时的挫折感。儒家强调从个人的内在修养和外在行为这两方面来应对压力。儒家式应对突破了西方应对观中仅重视非精神性应对方式的局限,融合了精神性与非精神性的应对方式,是源自本土的有效应对方式之一,也是理解中国人民族特性的重要切入点。     

女子监狱一线警察职业应激及其对策

本文以对女子监狱一线警察的职业应激现状的调查为依据，阐述了职业应激对一线女狱警在生理、心理与行为上的负性影响，并从个体调适、监狱组织管理、社会支持等方面提出释放监狱女警职业应激的相关对策。     

外伤后并发应激性溃疡出血死亡2例

1案例 案例1某男，27岁。被他人打伤鼻部致大量出血，入院行前鼻孔填塞术。就诊后21h开始呕血约500mL，随后2d间断呕血、便血数次，共约1800mL。于3d后死亡。既往血友病27年。尸体检验：眉心至鼻尖皮下软组织广泛出血，鼻骨未见骨折；左侧鼻翼黏膜下血肿；双侧胸腔有淡黄色液体约500mL；     

闭合性脑损伤后血清和海马的蛋白质表达

目的 研究大鼠脑损伤后血清和海马中蛋白质表达的差异.方法 用雄性SD大鼠制造脑损伤模型,应用弱阳离子交换(WCX2)芯片和铜离子结合(IMAC-Cu)芯片结合表面增强激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术,分析大鼠闭合性脑损伤后不同时间血清和海马中蛋白质表达谱的变化.结果 WCX2芯片在血清和海马样本中分别捕获436个和364个...     

头部外伤致急性应激性溃疡死亡一例

外伤性应激性溃疡在法医学尸检中时可遇到,临床止上多见于伤后死亡过程缓慢或伴有其它合并症而病程延迟者,外伤后短时发生者较为少见,近日笔者曾遇到一例,现报告如下。 案情简介 李某,男性,40岁,在建筑队打工。1996年4月4日上午与工人发生纠纷,互殴后头晕、头痛、上腹时有隐痛,被送往医院观察4小时后,口鼻溢血,血压突然下降休克死亡。     

急性应激性心肌病的实验病理学研究

用实验的方法造成大白鼠急性应激性心肌病，观察其病理形态的变化，显示心肌收缩带变和HBFP染色缺血性改变，GBHA染色显示心肌细胞内钙离子沉着增多，认为这些方法对应激性心肌病和早期心肌缺血性损害的诊断有重要参考价值。     

应激性溃疡出血死亡1例

1案情某男,46岁,某年10月2日因发生交通事故致颅脑损伤入院治疗,入院CT示:脑肿胀,脑挫裂伤(左额叶),蛛网膜下腔出血,颅骨骨折。经医院抢救治疗后,病人生命体征稳定,神志清楚,语言流利。10月8日复查CT意见:脑挫裂伤恢复期,蛛网膜下腔出血可见明显吸收。后转入高压氧仓治疗。10月27日4时许,其发现自己鼻腔流血后,让家属找主治医师进行处理。当医师到达后,病人口鼻腔大量出血,呼吸困难,意识模糊,肢端湿冷,脉搏细弱。继而出现呼吸、心跳停止。尸检情况:头皮无损伤。左眼眶周呈青黄色。双眼角膜轻度混浊,双瞳孔等大等圆。左颧部见长1cm瘢痕。口…     

海洛因戒断大鼠位置偏爱及海马神经元膜电性质的变化

目的 研究海洛因戒断期大鼠的位置偏爱性和海马CA1区神经元电生理特性,并探讨行为变化与神经元膜电性质变化之间的关系。方法 制作海洛因慢性给药戒断大鼠模型,对大鼠Y型迷宫位置偏爱行为及其海马CA1区神经元膜电特性,以及电镜下海马皮质突触结构的变化进行观察,并与对照组比较。结果 海洛因慢性给药戒断期,大鼠Y型迷宫位置偏爱显著增强(P<0.01),其海马CA1区神经元静息膜电性质,与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但动作电位(AP)半幅时程和10％-90％衰减时间缩短(P<0.01);兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)幅值和曲线下面积增大(P<0.01)。电镜下见戒断组动物海马皮质神经突触间隙较对照组变窄,前膜和后膜内电子致密物聚集,密度增高。结论 海洛因慢性给药戒断模型,可引起大鼠明显的位置偏爱,且在不改变静息膜电特性的前提下,海马CA1区神经元AP和EPSP特性及突触结构产生了相应的改变。     

109例创伤后应激障碍临床特征分析

目的通过对创伤后应激障碍案例的分析,探讨该症的临床特征。方法收集1998年至2014年间109例司法精神病学鉴定中诊断为PTSD的案例,对应激因素种类、临床症状、鉴定时间、诊治和社会功能受损情况进行统计分析。结果各年度涉及PTSD鉴定的案例数占同期案例的比例为0.99%~9.38%;年龄以青少年最多(18岁以下30例);女性(58例)略多于男性;初中以下文化程度居多(83例)。应激因素种类中以人为因素最常见,常见症状为失眠、焦虑、抑郁、高警觉性、闪回和主动回避等。结论 PTSD精神症状较复杂,准确诊断有难度,在司法鉴定中应给予更多的关注。     

应激相关障碍的损伤程度评定标准之比较与探讨

应激相关障碍的损伤程度评定,因无统一的评定标准,成为司法鉴定中的一个难点和热点。不同专家提出的评定标准中对该类伤害评定为轻微伤、轻伤、或重伤的意见不一,甚至还有对轻伤再分级的,且各家对应激相关障碍的定义亦有差别。本文对有代表性的观点进行比较、分析后,进一步进行探讨并提出见解,认为该类伤害应该属于损伤并应该评定损伤程度。评定必须严格按照《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第三版)》(CCMD-3)进行诊断,按照已有的损伤鉴定标准的原则,根据具体的临床种类、病情程度、病程及预后等综合考量,酌情作出不评定伤情程度,或评定为轻微伤、轻伤或重伤的结论,意在对此问题的解决有所帮助。     

大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后海马热休克蛋白质70mRNA表达

目的 研究大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)后大脑海马中热休克蛋白质(heat-shockproteins,HSP)70 mRNA的表达变化.方法 采用RT-PCR扩增,扩增产物用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检验,观察DAI后大鼠海马中HSP70 mRNA的表达变化.结果 损伤后4h,大鼠海马中...     

Police Stress: A Structural Model

A number of existing studies have identified various factors that contribute to stress among police officers. This analysis is unique among these insofar as it employs structural equation modeling to specify, in path model format, the influence of participation in workplace decision-making and other variables on employee stress levels. The findings of this analysis provide new as well as confirmatory statistical evidence regarding the mitigating and direct effects of certain variables on physical stress. This study poses important implications by lending itself to meaningful future comparative research across occupations such as corrections and probation / parole.

Physiological Relaxation: Stress Reduction Through Fair Treatment

The effects of fair treatment on physiological stress reactions of participants in a moderately high or low mental pressure condition are studied. On the basis of Injustice Stress Theory IST; Vermunt, R., and Steensma, H. In: Cropanzano, R. (ed.), Justice in the Workplace (Vol. 2), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 27–48,2001, predictions were made about procedural fairness as stress reducing factor. The results supported the expected effect of fair treatment, in that lower cardiovascular activity was measured after fair treatment but not after unfair treatment. Moreover, three-way interactions showed that participants with type-A behavior in the low mental pressure conditions had lower cardiovascular activity after fair treatment but not after unfair treatment, while participants with type-B behavior showed lower cardiovascular activity after fair treatment in the moderately high mental pressure condition. The discussion focuses on the difference between fair treatment and social support as well as on the several ways to reduce stress by being fair.     

Civilian Forensic Technician and Sworn Police Officer Job-Related Stress

Forensic Technicians provide crime scene investigation services and are exposed to stressful violent crimes, motor vehicle accidents, biological or chemical hazards, and other appalling imagery. Forensic Technicians would likely experience physical and psychological stress after exposure to trauma, and security vulnerabilities similar to Sworn Police Officers. The perceived availability of mental health resources, job-related physical, psychological stress, and traumatic experiences of both Forensic Technicians and Sworn Police Officers from California law enforcement agencies were investigated using a self-reported survey. Responses were evaluated for any significant differences in the perceived stress, job-related physical stress, and resulting psychological impact affecting the participants. The survey contained a mix of True/False, Circle/Check the Appropriate Box, or Likert Scale (1–5) responses. The results were evaluated statistically and discussed. Results indicated Sworn Police Officers and Forensic Technicians have different on-duty stress levels, but similar off-duty stress levels. Nearly two-thirds of 54 job-related stressors were not significantly different between the two occupations. However, Forensic Technicians reported more adverse effects in 17 physical and psychological job-related activities compared with Sworn Police Officers. Forensic Technicians reported lower awareness levels and availability of agency mental health support services than were reported by Sworn Police Officers. This study reports for the first time an unexpected outcome that perceived and job-related psychological stress is greater for Forensic Technicians than Sworn Police Officers. Possible reasons for this disparity will be discussed as well as stress management tools that should be implemented to reduce health risk factors for both career professionals as well as increase public safety.     

Stress and Deception in Speech: Evaluating Layered Voice Analysis*

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate commonly used voice stress analyzers—in this case the layered voice analysis (LVA) system. The research protocol involved the use of a speech database containing materials recorded while highly controlled deception and stress levels were systematically varied. Subjects were 24 each males/females (age range 18–63 years) drawn from a diverse population. All held strong views about some issue; they were required to make intense contradictory statements while believing that they would be heard/seen by peers. The LVA system was then evaluated by means of a double blind study using two types of examiners: a pair of scientists trained and certified by the manufacturer in the proper use of the system and two highly experienced LVA instructors provided by this same firm. The results showed that the “true positive” (or hit) rates for all examiners averaged near chance (42–56%) for all conditions, types of materials (e.g., stress vs. unstressed, truth vs. deception), and examiners (scientists vs. manufacturers). Most importantly, the false positive rate was very high, ranging from 40% to 65%. Sensitivity statistics confirmed that the LVA system operated at about chance levels in the detection of truth, deception, and the presence of high and low vocal stress states.     

Incidence and Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Australian Victims of Domestic Violence

In recent years, evidence has emerged of the significant incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among victims of domestic violence. The present study examined incidence and correlates of PTSD in 100 female victims of domestic violence resident in women's shelters in Adelaide, South Australia. Forty-five women were found to meet all diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Women meeting PTSD diagnostic criteria reported having experienced higher levels of violence and were more likely to report having a spouse with an alcohol problem and having believed they would be killed by their spouse than women who did not meet criteria. Diagnosis of PTSD was also associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression.     

Identifying and Managing Stress in Child Pornography and Child Exploitation Investigators

In the last decade, law enforcement personnel have increasingly been tasked to police the internet in an effort to staunch the production and distribution of child pornography and to investigate computer-facilitated child exploitation. These investigative personnel have encountered a range of assignment-specific challenges and strains as a result of their involvement in this taxing and novel investigative activity. In some cases, the cumulative effects of these strains, together with repeated exposure to highly disturbing images of abused children, have resulted in stress reactions that have commanded the attention of police managers and police psychologists alike. The present article is intended to provide an overview of the stresses unique to child exploitation and pornography investigations, common reactions to these stressors, procedural safeguards to mitigate the impact of this high-risk assignment, and two model programs designed to meet the needs of the current generation of “cyber cops”.

基于语音情感分析系统的语音压力测谎

目的探究语音情感分析系统(Layered Voice Analysis,LVA)在不同情况下的表现,并通过分析数据找出影响系统识别率的因素。方法设置两种不同场景对20名研究对象进行提问,并录音。通过LVA语音系统对语音样本进行分析,使用SPSS统计软件对系统生成的参数进行统计分析。结果在未告知研究对象实验真相的情况下LVA语音系统平均识别率为91.75%,要远高于研究对象在知情情况下的识别率。在询问过程中,当未涉及敏感问题时,随着时间的推移研究对象的心理压力逐渐减小。结论LVA语音系统具有良好的情感分析和识别能力,可为司法工作提供参考。     

Early Repolarization,Acute Emotional Stress and Sudden Death

We herein report the case of a 36‐year‐old man who died suddenly after a fight with another man. Forensic investigations included unenhanced computed tomography, postmortem angiography, autopsy, histology, neuropathology, toxicology, and biochemistry and allowed a traumatic cause of death to be excluded. An electrocardiogram recorded some years prior to death revealed the presence of an early repolarization pattern. Based on the results of all investigations, the cause of death was determined to be cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest during an emotionally stressful event associated with physical assault. Direct third party involvement, however, was excluded, and the manner of death was listed as natural. The case was not pursued any further by the public prosecutor.