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1.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(3):347-360
The commercialisation of water services in Kisumu, Kenya has resulted in fewer managerial changes than had been anticipated. Challenges include perceived political interference, inequitable treatment of different groups of residents, and little inter-agency coordination. A survey was conducted, focusing on the informal settlements, to help understand the root cause of the management flaws. It revealed: six different water supply routes; that 47 per cent of the residents' source water came from kiosks; that women's numerical strength is insignificant in management; and mitigation of cartel problems and disputes by non-water-associated personnel. The present article suggests an integrative managerial management structure where the community takes the lead. Gestion des interactions sur le marché informel de l'eau : le cas de Kisumu, au Kenya La commercialisation des services d'approvisionnement en eau à Kisumu, au Kenya, a entraîné moins de changements que prévu sur le plan de la gestion. Parmi les défis figurent l'ingérence politique perçue, le traitement inéquitable des différents groupes de résidents et une faible coordination inter-agences. Une enquête a été menée, qui s'est concentrée sur les établissements informels, afin d'aider à comprendre la cause fondamentale des défauts de la gestion. Elle a révélé : six voies différentes d'approvisionnement en eau; le fait que 47 pour cent de l'eau de source des résidents provenait de kiosques ; le fait que la force numérique des femmes est insignifiante dans la gestion ; et le fait que ce soit du personnel non associé à l'eau qui se charge de remédier aux problèmes et aux conflits liés aux cartels. Le présent article suggère une structure de gestion intégrative dans laquelle la communauté prendrait la direction. Administrando interações no mercado informal de água: o caso de Kisumu, Quênia A comercialização de serviços de água em Kisumu, no Quênia, tem resultado em menos mudanças gerenciais do que se havia previsto. Entre os desafios estão a interferência política, o tratamento não-equitativo de grupos diferentes de moradores e pouca coordenação entre agências. Uma pesquisa foi realizada, concentrando-se em arranjos informais, para ajudar a compreender a origem das falhas gerenciais. Ela revelou: seis diferentes rotas de abastecimento de água; que 47 por cento da fonte de água dos moradores eram provenientes de quiosques; que a força numérica das mulheres é insignificante no gerenciamento; e a mitigação de problemas de cartel e disputas por parte de pessoal não relacionado a água. O presente artigo sugere uma estrutura de gestão gerencial integradora onde a comunidade assume a liderança. Acuerdos entre sectores en el mercado informal del agua: la experiencia de Kisumu, Kenia Cuando los servicios de agua se privatizaron en Kisumu, Kenia, se produjeron menos cambios administrativos de los previstos. Algunos de los retos enfrentados fueron: la percepción de que la política interfería en el proceso, el trato desigual a los distintos grupos de habitantes y la poca coordinación entre instituciones. Se realizó una encuesta en los asentamientos informales para entender las causas estructurales que yacían tras los problemas administrativos. La encuesta demostró que existen seis líneas distintas de abastecimiento de agua; que el 47 por ciento del agua utilizada por los habitantes proviene de puestos de venta; que las mujeres participan poco en la administración; y que el personal ajeno al servicio ha contribuido a reducir disputas y problemas derivados del monopolio del agua. Este ensayo propone crear una estructura de gestión administrativa integradora encabezada por la comunidad. 相似文献
2.
Massoud Omar 《Development in Practice》2009,19(1):72-78
This article examines the inadequate delivery of social services by city governments in Nigeria. It identifies three problems: lack of transparency and accountability in governance; under-qualified staff and administration; and the tenuous relationship (an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ dichotomy) between the urban residents and local governments. It can no longer be argued that lack of funds is the key constraint. 相似文献
3.
Emma Michelle Taylor 《Development in Practice》2008,18(1):131-135
This article discusses two organisations currently providing voluntary private health insurance in Uganda and considers their contributions to bridging the gap in provision in the country's public health sector. 相似文献
4.
This practical note outlines Concern's approach to pro-poor budget analysis using the case of the Kenya Free Primary Education (FPE) policy. Analysis conducted on the outcomes of the FPE policy for Nairobi's urban slum-based poor suggests that the policy is not being implemented evenly within the city. The reasons stem from poor allocation and planning approaches, to political interference and unwillingness of teachers to work in slum-based schools. These have the unintended effect of increasing inequities for the urban poor, the reverse of the policy intention. The note outlines the pitfalls and practicalities of conducting this type of analysis. 相似文献
5.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(8):1135-1146
This paper looks beyond the dominant view of access to water – defined as coverage. It shows that, while the spread of improved water sources has widened, problems of affordability, quality, distribution, and reliability (“deep access”) are pervasive. In turn, it argues that declarations about water in international development discourse such as “access to water has increased” can be misleading. Development in practice must look beyond “wide” to “deep” meanings of access to water. Au-delà de l'accès à l'eau Cet article va au-delà de la manière dominante de voir l'accès à l'eau – à savoir la couverture. Il montre que, bien que l'accès à l'éventail de sources d'eau améliorées se soit élargi, les problèmes liés au caractère abordable, à la qualité, à la distribution et la fiabilité (« accès profond ») sont omniprésents. Il soutient ensuite que les déclarations concernant l'eau dans le discours du développement international, comme « l'accès à l'eau a augmenté », peuvent être trompeuses. Le développement dans la pratique doit aller au-delà du sens « large » de l'accès à l'eau pour se pencher sur son sens « profond ». Além do acesso a água Este artigo vai além da visão dominante do acesso à água – definida como cobertura. Ele mostra que, embora o acesso a mais fontes de água tenha se ampliado, problemas de acessibilidade de preço, qualidade, distribuição e confiabilidade (“acesso profundo”) são frequentes. Por sua vez, ele argumenta que declarações sobre a água no discurso de desenvolvimento internacional, como por exemplo o “acesso à água tem aumentado”, podem ser enganosas. O desenvolvimento na prática deve ir além do significado “amplo” em direção ao significado “profundo” do acesso à água. Más allá del acceso al agua Aunque en general, el acceso al agua se aborda desde la cobertura, en este ensayo se trata desde un punto de vista distinto. Se demuestra que, si bien el acceso al agua se ha extendido, persisten problemas de costos, calidad, distribución y confiabilidad (“acceso real”). Asimismo, se plantea que las declaraciones sobre el agua que se manejan en el discurso internacional sobre el desarrollo –por ejemplo, “ha aumentado el acceso al agua” – pueden ser engañosas. El desarrollo en la práctica deberá centrarse más en la dimensión “real” del acceso al agua que en el “alcance”. 相似文献
6.
Universal health coverage has been given a prominent place in the post-2015 global development agenda, but there are concerns over its feasibility in low- and middle-income countries. This article assesses successive Zambian governments’ efforts to achieve this agenda. We discuss the recent restructuring of health governance to support policies that re-emphasise the social determinants of health and health equity. This includes a new Ministry of Community Development and Mother and Child Health alongside the Ministry of Health. We argue that recent innovations in policy and practice need to be extended to include ministries which focus on economic development. 相似文献
7.
Ibaba Samuel Ibaba 《Development in Practice》2011,21(2):244-254
This article examines the interdependence between corruption, violations of human rights, and conflict in the Niger Delta. It is argued that corruption-induced violations have triggered conflicts that have become cyclical. The article sets out a theoretical context against which to examine the interface between corruption, human-rights violation, and conflict in the Delta, and calls for the integration of the fight against corruption into the peace-building process in the Niger Delta. 相似文献
8.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(5-6):803-818
Legal reform is necessary but not sufficient to realise women's rights. This paper compares two campaigns for legal reform in Nigeria: attempts to domesticate the UN Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in federal law, which resulted in defeat of the bill in 2007, and a successful campaign to introduce legislation to prevent the mistreatment of widows in Anambra State. It considers the role of religion in the campaigns, by examining how the women's movement engaged with religious actors. The research shows that religious beliefs, discourses, and actors had a significant influence on the outcomes of the campaigns, in part because of the content of the proposed legislation, but also because of the strategies adopted by the campaigners and the interests of the religious bodies concerned. Despite the implication of religion in gender inequality, these cases show that religious teachings, leaders, and organisations can be allies rather than obstacles in achieving progressive social change. Le rôle de la religion dans les campagnes des femmes en vue de la réforme de la loi au Nigéria La réforme de la loi est nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour concrétiser les droits de la femme. Cet article compare deux campagnes en vue de la réforme de la loi au Nigéria : les tentatives en vue d'intégrer la Convention des Nations Unies sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes (CEDAW) dans le droit fédéral, qui se sont soldées par une défaite du projet de loi en 2007, et une campagne réussie pour introduire une législation de prévention du mauvais traitement des veuves dans l'État d'Anambra. Il se penche sur le rôle de la religion dans les campagnes, en examinant la manière dont le mouvement des femmes a dialogué avec les acteurs religieux. Les résultats des recherches montrent que les croyances, discours et acteurs religieux ont eu une influence considérable sur les résultats des campagnes, en partie à cause du contenu de la législation proposée, et aussi à cause des stratégies adoptées par les participants aux campagnes et les intérêts des entités religieuses concernées. Malgré le rôle de la religion dans l'inégalité entre les sexes, ces cas montrent que les enseignements, leaders et organisations religieux peuvent être des alliés et non des obstacles au moment d'obtenir des changements sociaux progressistes. O papel da religião nas campanhas das mulheres para reforma legal na NigériaFatima L. Adamu e Oluwafunmilayo J. Para-Mallam A reforma legal é necessária mas não suficiente para se alcançar os direitos das mulheres. Este artigo compara duas campanhas para reforma legal na Nigéria: tentativas de adaptar a Convenção da ONU para Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação Contra as Mulheres (CEDAW) na legislação federal, que resultou na derrota da lei em 2007, e uma campanha bem-sucedida para introduzir legislação que impedisse os maus tratos de viúvas no estado de Anambra. O artigo avalia o papel da religião nas campanhas ao examinar como o movimento de mulheres engajou-se com agentes religiosos. A pesquisa mostra que as crenças, discursos e agentes religiosos tiveram uma influência significativa nos resultados da campanhas, em parte devido ao conteúdo da legislação proposta, mas também devido às estratégias adotadas pelos ativistas e os interesses dos organismos religiosos em questão. Apesar da implicação da religião na desigualdade de gênero, estes casos mostram que ensinamentos, líderes e organizações religiosas podem ser aliados em vez de obstáculos na conquista de mudança social progressiva. El papel de la religión en las campañas de las mujeres para emprender reformas legales en Nigeria La reforma legal es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para que se cumplan los derechos de las mujeres. Este ensayo compara dos campañas para reformas legales en Nigeria: el movimiento para incorporar en la ley federal una versión nacional de la Convención de la ONU para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer (CEDAW por sus siglas en inglés), que resultó en el fracaso del proyecto de ley en 2007; y una campaña exitosa para presentar un proyecto de ley que evitara el maltrato a las viudas en el estado de Anambra. El ensayo examina el papel de la religión en las campañas analizando cómo el movimiento de las mujeres se relacionó con actores religiosos. La investigación demuestra que la fe, los discursos y los actores religiosos influyeron en el resultado de las campañas debido a, en parte, el contenido de los proyectos de ley, pero también a las estrategias de las activistas y a los intereses de las mismas iglesias. A pesar de que la religión se implicó en la desigualdad de género, estos ejemplos demuestran que las enseñanzas, las organizaciones y los líderes religiosos pueden ser más aliados que obstáculos en el proceso para lograr cambios sociales progresistas. 相似文献
9.
A foremost challenge to the realisation of the accelerated economic growth of the demographic dividend in Africa remains the commitment of the region’s political leadership to creating the enabling contexts to maximise the potential of its youthful population. This viewpoint considers three critical African cultural mores – the reverence-for-posterity norm; leader-as-community-proxy culture; and the elder tradition – that offer unique levers for fostering political leadership for the demographic dividend in Africa. Strategies for successfully tapping these cultural traditions require further research. 相似文献
10.
Mary Ssonko Nabacwa 《Development in Practice》2010,20(3):395-406
Relations between the Ugandan government and NGOs engaged in gender-focused NGO advocacy tend to keep NGOs visibly engaged but do not necessarily alter the status of poor women. These relations manifest themselves in government advising NGO advocacy work; sympathising with the NGOs; co-opting NGOs and individuals; publicising gender issues; and de-legitimising gender-focused NGO activities. The article links these phenomena to the government's wish to appear receptive to the concerns of civil-society organisations, of which NGOs are a major component. This is important to its image in the international aid community, where it projects itself as generally democratic and supportive of good governance. 相似文献
11.
Sarah Parkinson 《Development in Practice》2010,20(3):329-341
This article presents evidence from Uganda's National Agricultural Advisory Service to argue that the concept of ‘the learning organisation’ is a valuable complement to participatory development which may facilitate a shift towards more democratic development institutions in which target beneficiaries have a stronger voice in planning and managing development. The concept of ‘the learning organisation’ as developed within the literature of management studies cannot, however, be readily translated into anything as specific as a clear set of practical guidelines. Rather it acts as a seed that grows to take on characteristics specific to the rural development context. 相似文献
12.
Providing cash transfers to vulnerable groups reduces vulnerability and chronic poverty; but delivering cash to remote, rural locations can be expensive and insecure. Alternative delivery systems using technology are thus being piloted. This article uses examples from southern Africa to highlight the opportunities and risks involved in using technology to deliver social protection, with particular focus on two schemes in Malawi. It concludes that there is great potential for the use of technology in delivering social protection, especially if employed at a national scale and taking advantage of the full spectrum of uses to ensure cost-efficiency. 相似文献
13.
Traffic crashes kill 1.2 million people annually, and the number is growing fast, particularly in developing countries. Although child road-safety education is widely considered important, few programmes have resulted in demonstrated improvements in safety. We review road-safety education in Ethiopia and conclude that it is often locally inappropriate and impractical. Such programmes are frequently based on dominant but ineffective educational models imported from other contexts. Drawing on our experience of establishing a community-managed child road-safety education programme in Ethiopia, we suggest how road-safety education in developing countries might become more effective. 相似文献
14.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(2):267-271
In developing areas of the world, where local people's understanding of germ theory and water and sanitation problems is not complete, 3MTM PetrifilmTM can act as an important visual aid for development workers in order to educate people about water and sanitation topics. The present article gives an example of how 3MTM PetrifilmTM has been used to help establish a baseline understanding of water and sanitation problems in rural Mali, and motivated improved water and sanitation practices. Efficacité du 3M TM Petrifilm TM comme outil pédagogique dans le Mali rural Dans les régions en développement du monde, où les populations ne comprennent pas complètement la théorie des microbes et les problèmes relatifs à l'eau et à l'assainissement, le 3MTM PetrifilmTM peut constituer un support visuel important pour les travailleurs de développement au moment d'éduquer les personnes en matière d'eau et d'assainissement. Le présent article donne un exemple de la manière dont le 3MTM PetrifilmTM a été utilisé pour contribuer à établir une compréhension de base des problèmes relatifs à l'eau et à l'assainissement dans le Mali rural, et a motivé des pratiques améliorées dans ces deux domaines. A eficiência da 3MTM PetrifilmTM enquanto ferramenta de ensino na zona rural de Mali Em áreas em desenvolvimento do mundo todo, onde não há uma completa compreensão por parte das pessoas locais sobre a teoria dos germes e problemas hídricos e de saneamento, a 3MTM PetrifilmTM pode atuar como uma ajuda visual importante para trabalhadores da área de desenvolvimento para ensinar as pessoas sobre questões relativas a água e saneamento. Este artigo oferece um exemplo de como a 3MTM PetrifilmTM tem sido utilizada para ajudar a estabelecer uma compreensão básica dos problemas relativos à água e saneamento na zona rural de Mali e motivado melhores práticas sobre água e saneamento. La eficacia del Petrifilm® de 3M® como herramienta de enseñanza en el Malí rural En los países en desarrollo, muchas personas no entienden por completo la relación entre los microbios y los problemas del agua y el saneamiento. El Petrifilm® de 3M® puede ser un importante auxiliar visual para que quienes trabajan en el desarrollo instruyan sobre temas de agua y saneamiento. Este ensayo contiene un ejemplo de cómo el Petrifilm® de 3M® se utilizó para transmitir conocimientos básicos sobre problemas de agua y saneamiento en el Malí rural, lo cual motivó a la gente a mejorar sus prácticas en estos temas. 相似文献
15.
Cynthia M. Caron 《Development in Practice》2018,28(7):872-883
This article examines activities undertaken by civil society organisations in Zambia to create gender-transformative change in customary tenure systems. It is based on primary data collected through interviews and group discussions with NGO representatives, lawyers and women’s rights advocates, chiefs, women leaders, and local community members. The findings show that organisations pursue change by leveraging global and national frameworks and discourses and working with traditional authorities, local magistrates, men and women at the village level. Promoting gender transformative change requires multi-level networking and working across hierarchies of power that extend from the household to the state. 相似文献
16.
Andrea Rigon 《Development in Practice》2018,28(2):195-207
Improving the well-being of Nigerians is the aim of Nigeria Vision 20:2020, the key development policy document in Nigeria. However, as well-being is an emerging and contested concept, this article explores how the well-being of urban citizens is understood in Nigeria, and identifies key trends affecting urban well-being as expressed by a selection of strategic elite stakeholders in Nigerian society. These included senior civil servants and politicians, and various senior members of civil society groups and academia. The analysis also reveals characteristics underpinning policies for urban well-being. 相似文献
17.
Mary Njenga Nancy Karanja Cristel Munster Miyuki Iiyama Henry Neufeldt Jacob Kithinji 《Development in Practice》2013,23(3):359-371
In sub-Saharan Africa, 72 per cent of urban and 98 per cent of rural households use fuelwood for energy. In Kenya use of charcoal in urban areas has risen by 64 per cent in two decades. Despite the charcoal industry providing employment to 500,000 people and generating over US$427 million that benefits grassroots communities, it has been kept out of the formal economies of this country. This review presents the status of the charcoal industry in Kenya, highlighting its contribution to livelihoods, production, utilisation, and implications for the environment; policy issues; and stakeholders' involvement. The review also proposes strategies to improve the sustainability of this sector.
La production de charbon de bois au Kenya et des stratégies pour l'augmentation de sa durabilité
Dans l'Afrique subsaharienne 72 pour cent de ménages urbains et 98 pour cent de ménages ruraux se servent du bois combustible pour leur propre énergie. Au Kenya l'usage de charbon de bois dans les secteurs urbains a augmenté par 64 pour cent au cours de deux décennies. Malgré le fait qu'elle fournit un emploi à 500,000 personnes et qu'elle génère plus de US$427 million de bénéfice aux collectivités populaires, l'industrie du charbon de bois reste écartée des économies formelles de ce pays. Cet examen présente la situation de l'industrie du charbon de bois au Kenya, en soulignant sa contribution aux moyens d'existence, à la production, et à l'utilisation ainsi que les implications pour l'environnement ; des questions concernant la politique ; et l'implication des parties prenantes. L'examen propose également des stratégies pour l'amélioration de la durabilité de cette industrie.
Producción de carbón y estrategias para aumentar su sostenibilidad en Kenia
En el África subsahariana, 72% de los hogares urbanos y 98% de los hogares rurales utilizan la leña como fuente de energía. En las áreas urbanas de Kenia, el uso de carbón ha aumentado 64% en dos décadas. A pesar de que la industria de carbón crea empleo para 500 mil personas, generando us$427 millones en beneficios para las comunidades de base, se la ha marginado de las economías formales de este país. El presente artículo examina la situación de la industria de carbón en Kenia, analizando, por un lado, su contribución a los medios de vida, y por otro, su forma de producción y su utilización, así como sus implicaciones para temas de política ambiental, además de la participación de los actores en la misma. Asimismo, el artículo propone estrategias para mejorar la sostenibilidad del sector.
Produção de carvão e estratégia para aumentar sua sustentabilidade no Quênia
Na África Subsaariana, 72 por cento de famílias da zona urbana e 98 por cento de famílias da zona rural utilizam lenha como fonte de energia. No Quênia,o uso de carvão nas áreas urbanas cresceu 64 por cento em duas décadas. Apesar da indústria de carvão proporcionar emprego a 500.000 pessoas e gerar mais de US$427 milhões que beneficiam comunidades de base, ela tem sido deixada de fora das economias formais deste país. Esta revisão apresenta o status da indústria de carvão no Quênia, destacando sua contribuição para os meios de subsistência, produção, utilização e implicações para o meio ambiente; questões de políticas e envolvimento dos stakeholders. A revisão também propõe estratégias para melhorar a sustentabilidade deste setor. 相似文献
18.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(4):486-497
This paper explores how an ostensibly child-centred system can fail to protect children. In some policy arenas, the Kenyan state is recognised as a leader in Africa for the care and protection of children at risk. Yet a case study of children's experiences illuminates how, despite adherence to a legislated framework and series of protocols, the Kenyan state proves unable or unwilling to ensure children's care and protection. The deployment of child-focused discourse and practice through bureaucratic documentation and judicial rulings camouflages (poorly) the state's neglect of children's perspectives and the fundamental risks to children, families, and communities. Suivre la loi, mais en perdant l'esprit de la protection de l'enfance au Kenya Cet article traite de la façon dont un système soi-disant centré sur l'enfant peut échouer au moment de protéger les enfants. Dans certaines arènes de politique générale, l’État kenyan est reconnu comme un leader en Afrique en matière de soins et de protection des enfants en situation de risque. Pourtant, une étude de cas sur les expériences des enfants montre comment, malgré l'adhésion à un cadre législatif et à une série de protocoles, l’État kenyan s'avère incapable ou peu disposé à dispenser des soins aux enfants et à assurer leur protection. Le déploiement du discours et des pratiques axés sur les enfants à travers la documentation bureaucratique et les décisions judiciaires camoufle (assez mal) le fait que l’État n'a fait aucun cas des points de vue des enfants et des risques fondamentaux pour les enfants, les familles et les communautés. Seguindo a lei, mas perdendo o espírito da proteção infantil no Quênia Este artigo explora como um sistema centrado ostensivamente nas crianças pode falhar na sua proteção. Em algumas arenas de políticas, o Quênia é reconhecido como líder na África para o cuidado e proteção de crianças sob situações de risco. Porém, um estudo de caso sobre experiências de crianças esclarece como, apesar do respeito a uma estrutura jurídica e uma série de protocolos, o Quênia mostra-se incapaz de ou não disposto a garantir cuidado e proteção às crianças. O emprego de um discurso e prática centrados na criança através de uma documentação burocrática e procedimentos judiciais camuflam (mal) a negligência do Estado quanto às perspectivas das crianças e os principais riscos que recaem sobre elas, as famílias e as comunidades. Cumpliendo con la ley, pero sin respetar el espíritu de la protección de la niñez en Kenia Este ensayo analiza cómo un sistema aparentemente enfocado en la niñez no resultó eficaz para proteger a los niños y niñas. En algunos círculos de la política, el Estado keniano es reconocido como líder en África por el alto nivel de cuidado y protección que ofrece a la infancia en riesgo. Sin embargo, un estudio de caso sobre varios niños y niñas demuestra cómo el Estado de Kenia no ha podido o no ha querido asegurar el cuidado y la protección de la niñez, a pesar de ser signatario de varios protocolos y leyes al respecto. El despliegue de acciones y discursos sobre la infancia a través de documentos oficiales y de dictámenes judiciales oculta (sin lograrlo) que el Estado no atiende las necesidades de la niñez ni los principales riesgos que afrontan los niños, niñas, sus familias y sus comunidades. 相似文献
19.
Mohammed Sulemana Bukari Francis Issahaku Malongza Mohammed Abdulai 《Development in Practice》2019,29(4):437-447
This article assesses the contribution of the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme in reducing rural poverty in the Karaga district of Northern Ghana, using a mixed research design to compare the livelihoods of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. It concludes that the programme is contributing to poverty reduction among the poor and vulnerable, and recommends that school children benefiting from LEAP should be exempted from paying extra expenses such as examination and PTA fees. There should also be a system to provide subsidies for agriculture inputs to enable beneficiaries to engage in agriculture to promote longer term poverty alleviation. 相似文献
20.
Oluwasinaayomi Faith Kasim 《Development in Practice》2018,28(7):952-963
Mass housing policy and an attendant population increase play a vital role in the socio-economic profile of Lagos. The article, using data from mass housing projects, explains the effects of these projects on intra-urban dynamics and the implications in Lagos. The pace of urban growth is increasing, and there is an absence of supporting infrastructures. The areas where populations are decreasing happen to be where contemporary housing construction is concentrated. Therefore, programmes aimed at providing housing and improving quality of life should, as a priority, deal with factors affecting population growth and spatial distribution. 相似文献