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本文介绍了印度应对气候变化战略和在开发清洁发展机制项目中的实践,包括印度国家气候变化行动计划的主要内容、气候变化的主要协调部门和有关机构。印度开发清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的进程,CDM项目的协调机构,CDM项目的背景、开发潜力预测,分析了已经注册的印度CDM项目的类型和地区分布,最后给出了印度应对气候变化战略和开发CDM项目实践对中国的几点启示。 相似文献
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New technology is fundamental to sustainable development. However, inventors from industrialized countries often refuse technology transfer because they worry about reverse-engineering. When can clean technology transfer succeed? We develop a formal model of the political economy of North–South technology transfer. According to the model, technology transfer is possible if (1) the technology in focus has limited global commercial potential or (2) the host developing country does not have the capacity to absorb new technologies for commercial use. If both conditions fail, inventors from industrialized countries worry about the adverse competitiveness effects of reverse-engineering, so technology transfer fails. Data analysis of technology transfer in 4,894 projects implemented under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism during the 2004–2010 period provides evidence in support of the model. 相似文献
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Emily Hencken Ritter Courtenay R. Conrad 《The Review of International Organizations》2016,11(4):449-475
How does state obligation to international human rights treaties (HRTs) affect mobilized dissent? We argue that obligations to protect human rights affect not only state behavior but also the behavior of dissidents. We present a theory in which the effect of HRTs on dissent is conditional on expectations of when it will constrain government behavior. We assume that HRT obligation increases the likelihood that government agents face litigation costs for repression but argue that leaders are only constrained when they would be most likely to repress. The expectation of constraint creates opportunity: citizens are more likely to dissent in HRT-obligated states with secure leaders and weak domestic courts. We find empirical support for the implications of our theory using country-month data on HRT obligation and dissent events from 1990 to 2004. 相似文献
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Rory Sullivan 《冲突、安全与发展》2003,3(2):287-299
Companies appear to be taking the business ramifications of conflict far more seriously, yet with limited consideration of the full extent of their responsibilities. Certainly, they see conflict resolution as primarily the responsibility of government yet find themselves in context specific situations where they are nevertheless expected to work actively to protect and promote human rights. In addition to “traditional” civil and political rights, companies' human rights responsibilities are increasingly also recognised. It is not impossible to apply human rights principles to conflict situations or to integrate them with a policy of conflict management. The process of managing human rights and a company's economic performance in conflict zones are directly related. 相似文献
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Decisions within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol are made by an expert body that acts as a trustee agent of the member states. Trustee agents help overcome the credible commitment problems of their principals and promise reason-based decisions. In contrast to traditional principal-agent settings, trusteeship relations are typically triadic. Beside the preferences of the principals and the trustee, decision criteria provide an external point of reference. They reflect the principals' long-term interest and define the trustee's decision rationale. The triadic structure helps protect the autonomy of trustees and allows for making them accountable for their decisions. Accountability mechanisms intend to ensure that a trustee's decisions are in line with established decision criteria. Against this backdrop, we explore the incentives created by the existing institutional arrangement for the making of CDM decisions and examine selected cases. We conclude that CDM arrangements provide a model for nonpartisan international regulation. 相似文献
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As part of a human rights education campaign, the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee fixed 700,000 posters throughout Bangladesh. This met with opposition from the religious organizations. This paper investigates the nature and cause of the backlash and sets out strategies for how development organizations can achieve their objectives in the face of opposition. The opposition was found to be in response to interpretations of the posters based on the Holy Koran and Islamic practices, and a perceived intrusion into the professional territory of religious organizations, which affected the socioeconomic interests of these organizations' representatives. It was therefore concluded that development organizations should pre-empt such opposition by spelling out their objectives to potential critics, and formulating programs that do not provide scope for opponents to undermine their development activities. 相似文献
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Advancing women's reproductive and sexual health rights: Using the International Human Rights system
Isfahan Merali 《Development in Practice》2000,10(5):609-624
Often the primary barriers to improving women's health are rooted in socio-economic, legal, and cultural factors. Women are generally assigned subordinate status in terms of economic power, decision making, and options regarding education, work, and family. National laws often restrict or prohibit equality and choice within society. Thus, the improvement of reproductive health is not only a matter of effective health interventions, but also a matter of social justice and human rights. This article discusses how the International Human Rights (IHR) system can be used more effectively for the protection and promotion of reproductive rights. In particular, it focuses on how IHR treaties can play an important role in fostering state compliance with rights relating to reproductive and sexual health. It ends with a discussion on how NGO advocacy work can better collaborate with the treaty body monitoring process in order to advance women's reproductive rights. 相似文献
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人力资源开发与管理机制是企业获得竞争优势的重要手段。日本和韩国的人力资源开发与管理机制是东北亚各国人力资源开发与管理的两个典范。日、韩两国在员工的招聘与使用机制、教育与培训机制、企业工资分配机制、企业的劳资关系等方面各具特色。借鉴两国的人力资源开发与管理机制先进之处 ,结合我国的具体国情和各类企业的特点 ,有助于改善和提高我国企业的国际竞争力。 相似文献
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随着印度经济的快速发展,其对能源的需求逐年增加,导致能源供应缺口不断扩大和环境污染问题日益严重。为了实现经济的可持续发展,印度政府制定颁布了一系列发展清洁能源的政策。印度清洁能源市场发展潜力巨大,投资商机凸显。商机主要来自市场驱动力和政策驱动力,商务投资环境也发生了显著变化。尽管如此,其仍然存在政策障碍和投资障碍两大挑战。应当从政策、技术和融资三个方面完善印度清洁能源政策和市场商务投资环境。 相似文献
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文化与政治--浅析中美关系中的人权问题 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
人权问题是中美关系中的敏感问题,但仅仅指出人权问题是美国外交政策的工具、借口和幌子是不够的,还应从文化和政治层面探讨中美人权分歧的政治现象及其背后深层的文化原因.本文指出有着不同权利文化渊源的中美两国,在许多问题上产生分歧,是中美两国人权问题产生的深层背景.人权问题走上中美关系前台,更多地是缘于在国际政治环境变化的情况下,美国国内政治对其外交的影响所致. 相似文献
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中美清洁能源合作:基础、机制与问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中美清洁能源合作具有广泛的共同基础,因为发展清洁能源是两国应对气候变化挑战、保障国家能源安全的重要举措,是两国实现经济转型、占领新的战略制高点的新抓手。此外,中美在清洁能源领域的共同性与互补性也推进了两国的合作。目前,中美在清洁能源领域已经建立起了比较成熟、高端、战略性的双边合作机制,如中美能源政策对话(EPD)、中美战略与经济对话(S&ED)等,签署了一系列具体的合作协议,两国在风能、太阳能、清洁煤、智能电网、电动汽车等领域开展了广泛而深入的合作。但是,中美在清洁能源领域也存在竞争、摩擦与冲突,如清洁能源核心技术转让壁垒、绿色贸易壁垒等。从长远看,中美在清洁能源领域的共同利益大于矛盾与分歧,两国合作具有广泛前景。 相似文献
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Alex de Waal 《Development in Practice》1991,1(2):77-83
Famine is clearly and undeniably a terrible wrong, and famine is preventable. The occurrence of famine is an indictment of the ethics of the country in which it has occurred. Despite this, those claiming to represent ethical concerns in general and human rights in particular have had little impact on either understanding famine or dealing with it. This paper is an attempt to develop an agenda whereby human rights concerns can be brought to bear on the problem of famine. 相似文献
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本文从归属认同、利益依赖、救济便利等方面,对区域性人权机制与联合国人权机制进行了比较。文章认为,亚洲区域性人权机制缺乏实质性制度安排,其根源在于政治、经济、历史、文化差异的障碍,冷战的消极影响,跨区域组织的“离心力”,次区域组织的“越位”,统一性、综合性区域组织的缺位等因素的综合作用。文章还对亚洲人权合作制度性建设等问题提出了看法。 相似文献
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当代中国正快速而深刻地卷入全球体系,越来越需要在全球范围内通过合作与交流来争取和维护自己的国家利益,需要以有助于国际间相互沟通理解为目标来建构当代中国的国家政治身份及其道德感召力,提升中国知识与思想、中国的经验与模式、中国智慧与情感的国际话语权与影响力。但这样一种系统完整的当代中国思想、知识与话语体系不可能凭空建构,它需要有自己的创新平台、实践空间与话语源头。正在快速推进和拓展的当代中非发展合作及丰富实践,正是中国学术思想界可以主动予以拓展的一个重要理论创新天地,是中国知识与思想走向世界可以把握的一个特殊机会。 相似文献
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论国际人权条约实施的国际监督制度 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
国际监督制度对于人权条约的实施在实体和程序方面都具有重要的意义.国际人权条约实施的国际监督制度主要由条约机构的缔约国报告程序、缔约国间指控来文程序以及个人申诉来文程序三种国际监督程序所组成.在实践中,条约机构主要依据缔约国报告程序和个人申诉来文程序对缔约国实施人权条约进行经常性和具体的监督.国际监督制度在促进缔约国实施人权条约方面发挥了一定的作用,但仍有待进一步完善. 相似文献