共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
2.
This article examines international attempts to regulate the production of and trade in biofuels by establishing criteria
and indicators and certification schemes. It focuses on the norms underlying the criteria and the community constructed on
the basis of them. The theoretical approach here rests on a discussion of these norms and on their constitutive role. This
role creates a community and gives an institutional basis for the global public domain. Accordingly, different norms create
the network on which environmental governance is based. It is assumed that commonly accepted criteria form a common norm.
The article analyses eleven criteria and indicator systems and compares the criteria adopted. Eight were created for biofuels
and bioenergy and three are used in forest certification. Comparison reveals that the criterion aiming to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions is used in Northern systems, whereas commonly accepted environmental criteria are biodiversity and minimization
of pollution. The web of norms on which biofuel production and trade is based comprises environmental norms together with
the general norm of sovereignty and the norms of the market economy.
相似文献
3.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
相似文献
4.
We construct a two-stage exclusive cartel formation game with utility transfers to model the formation process of an international
environmental agreement. Our results show that in the first stage of low degree of consensus, engaging in utility transfers
by asymmetric countries will accomplish little. In contrast, in the second stage of higher degree of consensus, it is more
likely for asymmetric countries to engage in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition, particularly if a small stable
coalition has already been formed in the first stage. This article therefore provides a theoretical perspective to explain
why it is more likely for some developed countries to initiate an IEA formation process by forming a small stable coalition
first before engaging in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition with all the other countries. Such a perspective is
consistent with the historical development of the Montreal Protocol and may also explain the difficulty for asymmetric countries
to form the grand coalition at the beginning of the IEA formation process of the Kyoto Protocol.
相似文献
5.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
相似文献
6.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
相似文献
7.
Multilateral agreements are emerging as important mechanisms for structuring cooperation in politically and ecologically complex
transboundary river basins around the world. While such agreements are offered and legitimized as a means to advance ecological
and human security, they instead often promote state-centric environmental securitization. As a result, seemingly progressive
agreements grounded in international law are likely to precipitate and mask environmental degradation until it becomes serious
or even irreversible, creating both ecological and human security crises at a variety of scales. Case studies of wetland ecosystems
in both the Zambezi and Mekong basins reveal the material and discursive linkages between international agreements and security.
By drawing on critical approaches that acknowledge both the socially constructed and the multi-dimensional nature of sovereignty,
this paper exposes significant institutional barriers to ecologically sustainable transboundary cooperation in the two basins.
相似文献
8.
Cooperation in international environmental agreements appears difficult to attain because of strong free-rider incentives.
This paper explores how different technology spillover mechanisms among regions can influence the incentives to join and stabilise
an international agreement. We use an applied modelling framework (STACO) that enables us to investigate the stability of
partial climate coalitions. Several theories on the impact of technology spillovers are evaluated by simulating a range of
alternative specifications. We find that spillovers are a good instrument to increase the abatement efforts of coalitions
and reduce the associated costs. In our setting, however, they cannot overcome the strong free-rider incentives that are present
in larger coalitions, i.e. technology spillovers do not substantially increase the success of international environmental
agreements. This conclusion is robust with respect to the specification of technology spillovers.
相似文献
9.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
相似文献
10.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
11.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
12.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
13.
From an EU point of view, most international environmental agreements are mixed. This means that both the European Community (EC) and its member states are party to the agreement. As the participation of the EC in international negotiations and agreements is properly arranged by the Treaty establishing the European Community, but the EU member states’ participation is not legally organized on the EU level, the internal decision-making process regarding mixed agreements is rather complicated. Insights into this process are needed to understand the representation and the role of the European Union in international environmental negotiations. This article clarifies the legal framework of the EU decision-making process regarding such negotiations. 相似文献
14.
Current international financial system is characterized by the global dollar standard where the US dollar plays an essential
role in many aspects of international usages. This is particularly the case in Asia where the dollar remains as a major reserve,
vehicle and anchor currency. The paper deals with the challenges of dollar over-reliance in the world in general and in Asia
in particular, with emphasis on the fact that Asia being a creditor to the US has to cope with the problems and instability
that the dollar standard brings about. Asia needs to have further regional financial integration and to strengthen regional
financial cooperation supported by a strong institutional arrangement, a sound regional financial market and a collective
regional monetary regime.
相似文献
15.
The role of the United Nations in global environmental governance was determined in 1972 when a new international body for
the global environment was created as a programme within the United Nations rather than as an autonomous specialized agency.
A set of political dynamics between developed and developing countries led to the decisions on the functions, form, financing,
and location of the new intergovernmental organization—the United Nations Environment Programme. This article traces the historical
roots of these choices and exposes the motivations behind them.
相似文献
16.
One of the most contentious issues in the negotiations aimed at operationalizing the Kyoto Protocol was the treatment of sinks
and, particularly, the eligibility of sinks projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This paper attempts to analyse
the politics underlying these negotiations, drawing on methods of process tracing, key informant interviews, negotiating texts
and secondary literature. Tracing the sinks debate and highlighting key lessons about the nature of global environmental agreements
and their institutional arrangements is the first step to recounting the history of the politics of one of the major contemporary
international environmental debates. The paper shows that the Kyoto Protocol negotiations on sinks and CDM-sinks were multilaterally
supported as a practical solution, but went ‘off track’ due to actors’ interests and tradeoffs. As regards future negotiations
on forest sinks in developing countries under the framework of the UNFCCC, the paper argues that these are likely to be influenced
by similar constraints, and also by the conservation and development agenda of its supporters; as well as the experience gathered
on the CDM and the interests and concerns of developing countries. We broadly frame the paper within the literature on global
environmental politics.
相似文献
17.
Research shows that environmental hazards are disproportionately located in poor and minority communities, but most of these
studies examine the association between community demographics and the presence (and/or frequency) of one type of environmental
hazard at a time. The current study extends the prior research by examining the concentration of multiple forms of environmental
hazards and structural disadvantage of school areas. School area structural disadvantage is associated with an increase in
the number of environmental hazards, but the magnitude of the association is relatively small. Implications for future research
are discussed.
相似文献
18.
Partially in response to the increasing complexity of governance structures in the international environmental arena, international
scholars have adopted a distinction between “Type 1” and “Type 2” international agreements. The former refer to agreements
between governments, whereas the latter refer to agreements between governments and nonstate actors. While useful, this distinction
offers only a partial taxonomy of the diversity of collaborative governance, and fails to incorporate “Type 3” dynamics among
nonstate actors. As an initial attempt at sorting out the wide array of collaborative governance structures both domestically
and across international borders, we propose a 3 × 3 matrix based on two typologies, one institutional (governmental, collaborative,
nonstate), the other geopolitical (domestic, transborder, interstate/transnational). The result is a classification system
of nine types of both domestic and international governance. In addition to identifying fundamental differences among the
myriad forms of governance, the matrix reveals how the “softening of sovereignty” occurs in practice.
相似文献
19.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
20.
In institutional legal theory, norms and facts are reciprocally operating elements: an interplay in which meaning construction
is closely connected with acting: the pragmatic understanding of legal language in terms of its uses. With the semiotic elements
of institutional theory, extended by the notion of ‘semiotic groups’, an analytical framework can be constructed to analyze
a case study on the shifts in the concept of war which have taken place since the 1945 UN Charter and in the aftermath of
9/11. The semiotic aspects of the institutional approach can offer insight into the complexity of the processes of meaning
attribution in the field of law and war.
相似文献
|