The Evolutionary Game‐Theoretic Foundations of Law

Interdisciplinary work in the law often starts and stops with the social sciences. To produce a complete understanding of how law, evolutionary game‐theoretic insights must, however, supplement these more standard social scientific methods. To illustrate, this article critically examines The Force of Law by Frederick Schauer and The Expressive Powers of Law by Richard McAdams. Combining the methods of analytic jurisprudence and social psychology, Schauer clarifies the need for a philosophically respectable and empirically well‐grounded account of the ubiquity of legal sanctions. Drawing primarily on economic and social psychological paradigms, McAdams highlights law's potential to alter human behavior through expressions that coordinate. Still, these contributions generate further puzzles about how law works, which can be addressed using evolutionary game‐theoretic resources. Drawing on these resources, this article argues that legal sanctions are ubiquitous to law not only because they can motivate legal compliance, as Schauer suggests, but also because they provide the general evolutionary stability conditions for intrinsic legal motivation. In reaction to McAdams, this article argues that law's expressive powers can function to coordinate human behavior only because humans are naturally and culturally evolved to share a prior background agreement in forms of life. Evolutionary game‐theoretic resources can thus be used to develop a unified framework from within which to understand some of the complex interrelationships between legal sanctions, intrinsic legal motivation, and law's coordinating power. Going forward, interdisciplinary studies of how law works should include greater syntheses of contemporary insights from evolutionary game theory.     

联合国制裁之定性问题研究

国际社会虽然使用“联合国制裁”的措词来表述联合国宪章第七章中规定的强制措施,但却因为其带有浓厚的政治色彩而对其法律制裁的特性深表怀疑,这种怀疑无疑将严重影响联合国制裁机制的进一步发展。然而,按照法律制裁的基本标准来判断,联合国制裁不失为一种专门的法律制裁机制,虽然与国内法律制裁机制相比较,它具有许多缺陷:制裁领域的残缺性;制裁对象的局限性;制裁环节的分权性。但这些缺陷不能从根本上影响其作为法律制裁的本质特性。认识到联合国制裁的这一特性具有十分重大的现实意义,它将为联合国制裁系统最终通过改革而发展成为一种更加全面、完善的法律制裁机制奠定坚实的思想基础。     

社会变迁中的法治

社会由社会观念、社会制度和社会结构三者构成，三者互动导致社会变迁。此模型解释了三种社会变迁的模式以及相应的合法性。法律制度化是解释社会变迁与法律转型关系的关键。中国在迈向现代化的过程中，法律转型应朝着法治方向发展。     

Legal Socialization of Children and Adolescents

Research on children and the law has recently renewed its focus on the development of children's ties to law and legal actors. We identify the developmental process through which these relations develop as legal socialization, a process that unfolds during childhood and adolescence as part of a vector of developmental capital that promotes compliance with the law and cooperation with legal actors. In this paper, we show that ties to the law and perceptions of law and legal actors among children and adolescents change over time and age. We show that neighborhood contexts and experiences with legal actors shape the outcomes of legal socialization. Children report lower ratings of legitimacy of the law and greater legal cynicism when they view interactions with legal actors as unfair and harsh. We show that perceived legitimacy of law and legal authorities shapes compliance with the law, and that these effects covary with social contexts including neighborhood. We identify neighborhood differences in this relationship that reflect differential experiences of children with criminal justice authorities and other social control agents. The results suggest that legal actors may play a role in socialization processes that lead to compliance with or rejection of legal and social norms. An erratum to this article is available at .     

DETERRENT EFFECTS OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SANCTIONS

This article reports a random telephone survey of Evanston, Illinois, residents in the spring of 1978 probing knowledge of legal sanctions, perceptions of the certainty of their imposition, feelings about their legitimacy, and approval of peers for violating the law. It focuses on traffic offenses, marijuana smoking, and shoplifting and uses self-reports of actual or potential violations. The data indicate that knowledge of the severity of legal sanctions and perceptions of the certainty of their imposition are not related to imputed violation; feelings that the law is legitimate and that peers disapprove of violations are related to imputed violation.     

法律的不确定性与法治的可能性

法律的不确定性并不意味着法律合法性的丧失和法治理想破灭。法律体系必然包括不确定的法律。法律不确定性与法律的客观性是相容的。主流法律理论并不必然坚持法律的确定性立场,但是必然坚持法律的客观性立场。法治理念的经典阐述者富勒、拉兹和菲尼斯都强调法律的明确性、可预测性和稳定性。他们都没有把法律的确定性列为法治的要件。法律的不确定性意味着法官在疑难案件中需要行使自由裁量权并创制新的法律。只要不确定的司法判决具有合法性、客观性和可预测性,即使法律是不确定的,法治理想的实现也是可能的。     

权力修辞向法律话语的转变——展开法治思维与实施法治方式的前提

在人们日常思维和言语表达中，权力修辞占据主导地位。权力场成了影响决策的最主要因素，这既不符合法治的原则要求，也难以成就管理国家与社会的法治方式。从思维方式决定行为方式的角度看，权力修辞向法律话语的转变是展开法治建设的思想条件。权力修辞与政法思维相匹配，重点维护的是管理秩序；法律话语与法治思维相适应，要限制权力，捍卫权利，是与法治建设相适应的法治意识形态，维护的是法律秩序。法律话语与权力修辞的冲突是我国法治建设中的重要问题，从西方法治的经验和中国法治建设的需求看，法律话语能否平衡权力修辞关系到中国法治建设的成败。     

BARGAIN AND BLUFF: Compliance Strategy and Deterrence in the Enforcement of Regulation

A strategy of compliance in which enforcement agents rely on negotiation is identified as a characteristic feature of water pollution control work. The strategy arises from the nature of the conduct and activities subject to regulation and from the need to maintain a continuing relationship with the regulated. In securing compliance regulatory agents shape their enforcement tactics by reference to assumptions held as to why polluters fail to comply. Bargaining is central to compliance strategy, but if a conciliatory approach fails, a more threatening posture will be taken in which a variety of mores, including bluffs about legal sanctions, may be employed. Law enforcement is treated as a matter of compliance as well as compulsion.     

宪法保留：对基本自由权利限制的限制原则

法律保留原则要求某些重要事项必须留给立法机关以法律的形式加以规定,目的是约束行政权,防止行政权滥用,并在客观上要求司法机关依法裁判;然而,宪政的本质特征之一是有限政府的理念,即使是立法机关的权力本身也应当是有限度的。实际上,宪政国家违宪审查制度的普遍确立正是主要基于对立法权滥用的矫正;而我国从依法治国到依宪治国思路的转变也在事实上承认了立法权本身存在滥用的可能。因此,从法律保留到宪法保留,是保障人民基本自由权的重要原则,这一原则立基于对多数决暴政的恐惧和对有限政府理念的信奉,它在一定程度上杜绝了宪法一手承认人民基本自由权利,而法律的另一手却又予以剥夺的弊病。     

新的法律虚无主义之批判——基于民事司法的视角

古今中外均曾有过形形色色的法律虚无主义思潮。新中国成立以来,曾一度盛行完全否认法律作用的法律虚无主义,使得中国社会全面陷入了"无法无天"的混乱状况,甚至到了崩溃的边缘。当前,中国特色的社会主义法律体系已经形成,法治的观念亦已初步深入人心。然而,近些年来,在我国民事司法领域却悄然出现了新的法律虚无主义倾向与实践,集中表现为轻视、否认、虚置立法权威与法律规范的"违法司法"与"法外操作"等。我们坚决反对任何形式的法律虚无主义,倡导在严格遵守现行立法与遵循司法规律的前提下适度地能动司法,这是社会主义司法原则不可动摇的基本要求,也是建设社会主义法治国家的必由之路。     

Relational legal consciousness in the punitive welfare state: How Dutch welfare officials shape clients' perceptions of law

With a growing number of strict obligations and harsh sanctions for welfare recipients, the Netherlands has increasingly become a punitive welfare state. This article looks at what this means for welfare clients and their commonsense understandings of the law. To analyze how welfare officials shape clients' legal consciousness, I draw on an online survey among Dutch welfare clients (N = 1305) and a correlation analysis. The findings show that there is a clear relationship between welfare clients' own legal consciousness and their assessment of welfare officials' beliefs about the law. However, not all elements of their legal consciousness are relationally influenced by the same factors. Also, clients' self-reported compliance behavior is less relationally influenced than other elements of their legal consciousness. This study adds to our understanding of the mechanisms that constitute the production of relational and second-order legal consciousness and it contributes to the development of new research methods to study people's perceptions of law.     

Boycott,Resistance and the Law: Cause Lawyering in Conflict and Authoritarianism

This article examines the role of cause lawyers in conflicted or authoritarian contexts where the chances of legal victory are often minimal. Drawing upon the literature on resistance, performance, memory studies, legal consciousness and the sociology of lawyers, the paper examines how cause lawyers challenge and subvert power. The paper first explores the tactics and strategies of cause lawyers who boycott legal proceedings and the relationship between such boycotts and broader political struggles, legitimacy and law. It then examines why and how cause lawyers engage in fairly hopeless legal struggles as acts of instrumental resistance (the ‘sand in the cogs’), transforming courts into sites of symbolic resistance, and using law as a form of memory work. The paper argues that boycott of and resistance through the courts can counter the use of law as an instrument of wickedness and a tool of denial and preserves a ‘stubborn optimism’ in the rule of law.     

论不能未遂的处罚依据——主观危险理论之再提倡

对于不能未遂的处罚依据的认识,当下中国学界主要存在客观危险说、经验的危险感说以及主观危险说三种理论。客观的危险理论及其修正与经验的危险感说在理论本质以及判断逻辑方面都存在一定的问题。与之相对,主观的危险说具有与规范判断紧密相关的正当性依据,能够和我国本土刑法学理论与法律制度衔接,并且能构建逻辑自洽的着手概念。从正当性依据的角度来讲,法益侵害的危险是行为对规范的违反,通过行为哲学与刑法构成要件理论的双重证明,主观危险理论的正当性通过其与规范违反的紧密关联被体现出来;从与本土法律制度的衔接来看,我国刑法的故意概念包含的“认知”与“意欲”要素,为主观危险理论的“规范违反事实认知”要件与“规范违反行为推动”要件提供了刑法理论与制度的土壤;从着手概念的构建来看,结合主观危险理论的上述两个要件,行为着手的时点也能够合理地被构建出来。从主观危险理论中可以提炼出不能未遂案件司法判断的“三步走”的方法论,从而在分析实际案例中最终达到说理的科学性与结论的妥当性。     

非法证据排除规则的可操作性问题探讨

非法证据排除规则是刑事诉讼中重要的证据规则之一。它不仅关系侦查机关取证行为的合法性与司法公正,更关系对犯罪嫌疑人合法权益的保障。我国2012年的刑事诉讼法新刑诉法正式确立了非法证据排除规则,但该规则存在明显的操作性不强的缺陷。遏制"冷暴力"讯问方式、完善侦查人员出庭作证和录音录像制度、建立律师在场权制度对于提高我国非法证据排除规则的可操作性具有十分重要的作用。     

Public Perceptions of the Legitimacy of the Law and Legal Authorities: Evidence from the Caribbean

Research on procedural justice and legitimacy has expanded greatly across the social sciences in recent years. The process‐based model of regulation, which links people's assessments of procedural justice and legitimacy to their compliance with the law and legal authorities, has become particularly influential in criminology and sociolegal studies. A review of the previous research on perceived legitimacy highlights two important features. First, legitimacy has been conceptualized and measured in many different ways. Second, most of the research on legitimacy has focused on only a handful of developed nations. Using survey data from Trinidad and Tobago, this article examines the conceptualization and measurement of the perceived legitimacy of the law and legal authorities. The findings indicate that some of the prominent conceptual and measurement models used in previous research are not empirically valid in the Trinidadian context. The implications of the results for conceptualization, theory, and future research are discussed.     

习近平法治思想中生态文明法治基本原则的凝练与展开

习近平生态文明思想为法治建设明确了生态化方向,习近平法治思想是生态环境保护制度建设的基本指引,从中总结生态文明法治的基本原则,可以将生态文明建设和法治建设的要求与法律制度联结起来。生态文明法治的基本原则一方面反映生态文明法治理念,另一方面为生态文明立法、执法、司法和守法提供明确的指引。综合考虑相关因素,并参考学理上总结的环境法基本原则,进一步明确生态文明法治的环境公平、绿色发展、风险防范和公众参与原则。环境公平建立在良好生态环境的基础上,是人与自然之间和谐、人与人关系协调的保障;绿色发展和生态安全是生态文明最基本的两项要求,分别从发展的限定和风险的防范两个角度为人的行为提供指引;公众参与是彰显人之主体性的基本方式,可以从形式和实质上推进生态文明建设。     

法的合法性问题研究

法的合法性问题是很重要的 ,西方许多思想家都对此作了论述。一种法律要被人们遵守 ,首先必须被信仰 ,而法律信仰的本质是对它的合法性 ,即正当性和权威性的确信。这种确信是以人们对法律的合法性评价为基础的。合法性评价应从实质和形式两个方面进行 ,二者各有其评价标准。     

Towards Efficiency in Attributing Criminal Liability to Corporations: Canadian and Brazilian Regimes Compared

This article compares Canadian treatment of corporate criminal liability with that in Brazil, examining whether there are ways in which one system can learn from the other. It is argued that the Canadian model could provide a starting point for revision of Brazilian legal principles in this area that, would encourage the public to recognize that crimes committed by corporations should be taken seriously. However, because criminal liability requires a high burden of proof and is therefore difficult to secure, the Brazilian regime of strict liability may ultimately be useful in encouraging compliance by corporations, assuming sanctions are severe enough and detection of violations by law enforcers is enhanced. The solution may therefore consist in the use of both these regimes, as is currently the case with anticorruption law in the UK.     

法律解释规则及其运用研究(中)——法律解释规则及其分类

对多种法律解释规则进行分类研究是法律解释的重要任务.目前法学界关于形式法治与实质法治的区分,可以作为区隔法律解释规则的依据.与形式法治相适应,有合法性解释规则、文义解释规则和体系解释规则;与实质法治相适应,有合理性解释规则、目的解释规则等.法律解释规则是在思维领域中捍卫法治,因而要求法律人在解释法律的时候,首先要使用与形式法治相适应的解释规则,只有经过严格的论证才使用与实质法治相适应的除弊规则.     

执政党领导法治建设合法性分析

政治合法性是对价值正义性的一种承认,同时构成了对公共机构及其权力行为正当性的评价标准。中国共产党在西方话语意义上使用合法性概念审视自身执政行为,彰显了高度的自信。对执政党主体地位和自身条件合法性的考察,是党领导法治建设合法性分析的前置性工作;而通过将"合法性指数"概念和权利-义务分析框架引入并运用于对中国共产党领导法治建设行为的合法性评价,则为系统深入地阐释中共执政行为的政治价值指向提供了科学标准和科学模式,为执政党领导中国法治建设注入了反思性向度,这是助力执政党及其领导的法治建设事业进一步走向更大成功的重要理论拓展。