Reflections on modern terrorism∗

There has been an historic transition through which Type I terrorism and Type II terrorism are being combined. Type I terrorism consists of acts that attempt to impose terror by individuals or small groups on other individuals and groups, and through them indirectly on their governments. Type II terrorism is the imposition by governments on individuals or on groups of local or foreign populations, e.g., the use of atomic weapons, poison gas, Nazi camps for genocide. The new type of terrorism—Type III—has all the components for success. The article deals with how this new terrorism disrupts personal and historic memory through large‐scale catastrophe organized for that purpose. It is pointed out that this type of terrorism is met with self‐protection on the conscious level and has very little psychic cost on the perpetrators. Type III terrorism results from states disseminating high‐level technology. Target nations will not have open to them the conventional responses and will have to devise new methods. The danger of technical failure in the use of new methods of terrorism is very real.     

An agency ethics audit ∗

An agency's ethics posture can encompass both compliance with controls and legal prohibitions and individual ethical reasoning and its role in the organization. This article presents a model ethics audit designed to profile the agency's strengths and deficiencies and produce an action agenda in a format appropriate for periodic review.     

International transactions in innovative machinery∗

The paper explores the economic implications of two different types of transactions to bring new technology into Third World industries — ’machine‐maker’ and ‘machine‐user’ transfers. Its main conclusion is agnostic. It suggests that there is no presumption in favour of ‘arms length’ transaction as opposed to the more complex transfers of the machine‐user type—not at least in terms of comparative static analysis. The comparative merits of the two types of transfer depend in the end on their international distributional effect and the relative case with which these can be controlled by government policy.     

Malaria control and population growth∗

This paper investigates the effects of malaria control programmes on mortality and fertility rates, and hence on population growth, with special reference to Ceylon. The crude death rate (C.D.R.) by district in Ceylon fell sharply from pre‐1945 to post‐1945 on the average, and the variance between district C.D.R.s almost disappeared; it is shown that the near‐eradication of malaria can account wholly for the latter phenomenon but not completely for the former, more than half of which was due to causes other than changes in malaria prevalence.

Crude birth rates (C.B.R.s) by district rose moderately on the average from pre‐1945 to post‐1945, and substantially increased their variance. It is shown that the near‐eradication of malaria is consistent with the latter phenomenon, but that even in the absence of malaria control the national C.B.R. would have fallen slightly, as it has done in recent years.

A technique is devised by means of which it is possible to establish that these shifts in district C.D.R.S and C.B.R.s, in the decade or so following the war, were due mainly to changes in district age‐specific vital rates rather than to changes in age distributions brought about by past fertility rates or by internal migration.

The paper closes with a brief discussion of other studies of this set of problems.     

Terrorism and international political analysis∗

Abstract

The international spread of terrorism requires more careful study of its ability to influence the international order. Therefore, it is first of all necessary to distinguish the purposes for which terrorism is set up on the international level, also exactly assessing its actual transnational links. In this way, it will be possible to proceed toward a comparative analysis of terrorism in different regions of the international system. The purpose of such an analysis is to evaluate the influence that terrorism has, from the methodological standpoint, on the studies of the international system and, from the substantial standpoint, on the actual ability of terrorism to weaken that very system. Clarifying the implications of these aspects, the conclusion will be a reflection on the causal relationship that links terrorism and the international system; the former is a consequence of the nature of the latter, caused by the immobility of the international system, and hence by the blocked situation that faces anyone who wants to modify the international order.     

Group influence in American county politics∗

Judgement has a special place in management in the public domain, since a role of management is to enable effective political judgement. The article stresses Vickers's analysis of appreciative judgement. It goes on to discuss how the process of political judgement can be strengthened showing the implications for management, for political processes and for democratic practice.     

Planning in the passenger transport executives∗

Abstract This article examines the use of Management Buy‐outs (MBOs) as a strategy for the reorganization of service provision by some local authorities in response to compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) under the 1988 Local Government Act. It looks at:

1. How MBOs fit in with the other patterns of change associated with CCT.

   The reasons why particular local authorities have sold service organizations to MBOs.
   The immediate and short term implications of MBOs.
   The longer term prospects for MBO companies in CCT service areas.
   The prospects for further MBOs being established.