Gun Carrying and Gun Victimization Among American Adolescents: A Fresh Look at a Nationally Representative Sample

A scant literature has identified gun carrying as a potential risk factor for victimization at the individual level. To date, however, research has generally focused on high-risk individuals rather than samples drawn from the general population. Additionally, prior studies have not often enough included controls robust enough to feel strongly that the relationship between gun carrying and victimization, gun victimization in particular, is not simply the spurious outcome of factors that influence both variables. The current study uses data from Add Health participants (N = 13,568) to look at the effect of gun carrying on gun victimization among adolescents. Results suggest that even when robust controls are considered, a measure of gun carrying significantly and positively correlates with gun victimization. The results support a model of the gun carrying-gun victimization relationship wherein gun carrying increases risks for gun victimization independent of factors that may influence both risky behaviors and victimization. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.     

Economic Development,Foreign Aid and Neoclassical Growth: A Comment

The Democratic Process in a Developing Society. By A. H. Somjee. London: Macmillan, 1979. Pp. vi + 161. £12.

Pastoral Production and Society/Production Pastorale et Société. Edited by Équipe Écologie et Anthropologie des Sociétés Pastorales. Cambridge and Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1979. Pp. 493. Hardback £15.50, paperback £5.95.

Rural Women at Work: Strategies for Development in South Asia. By Ruth Dixon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. £10.50.

Agricultural Modernisation, Poverty and Inequality: the Distributional Impact of the Green Revolution in Regions of Malaysia and Indonesia. By David S. Gibbons, Rodolphe De Koninck and Ibrahim Hasan. Farnborough, England: Saxon House, 1980. Pp. lx + 225. £12.50.

Agrarian Structures and Agrarian Reform. By S. I. Cohen. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979. Pp. xiv + 136. Dfl. 28.50.

The Political Economy of Collectivised Agriculture: A Comparative Study of Communist and Non‐Communist Systems. Edited by Ronald A. Francisco, Betty A. Laird and Roy D. Laird. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979. Pp. 251. £13.75.

Agrarian Systems and Rural Development. By Dharam Ghai, Azizur Rahman Khan, Eddy Lee and Samir Radwan. London: Macmillan for the ILO, 1979. Pp. xv + 375. £20.

Food Aid and the Developing World: Four African Case Studies. By Christopher Stevens. London: Croom Helm, 1979. Pp. 224. Hardback £9.95, paperback £4.95.

Population and Economic Development. By Yves Bizien. New York: Praeger, 1979. Pp. vi + 186. £12.25.

Short‐Term Macroeconomic Policy in Latin America. Edited by Jere Behrman and James A. Hanson. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger for NBER, 1979.

Inflation and Stabilisation in Latin America. Edited by Rosemary Thorp and Lawrence Whitehead. London: Macmillan, 1979. Pp. xl + 285. £20.     

Aid and Performance: A Reassessment

Two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared. The first, corresponding to the new aid paradigm, argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate. The second, in contrast, argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment: the worse this environment, or the more vulnerable the recipient countries, the greater the effectiveness of aid. Cross-sectional econometric tests related to GDP growth on two 12-year pooled periods clearly favour the second view. The two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance-based aid allocation, where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors. Performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison. One approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the (external) environment is (for a given policy) and the better the policy is (for a given environment).     

“向南看”与“向外看”：美拉关系的新局面

2011年3月19—23日,美国总统奥巴马先后对巴西、智利和萨尔瓦多进行为期5天的访问,这也是奥巴马就任美国总统以来对中、南美洲的首次出访,距离布什总统2007年3月访问南美洲整整过去了四年时间。     

Policy Making in Foreign Aid: Gender Equality and Danish Development Policy

Since the mid-1980s, gender equality has constituted a major priority in the provision of Danish foreign aid. Seeking to understand policy-making processes in the field of foreign aid, this article analyses three gender policies in relation to Denmark’s official foreign aid published respectively in 1987, 1993 and 2004, examining the degree to which they reflect domestic politics, organisational concerns within Danida and global gender norms. Challenging earlier research, the conclusion is that, while global norms, organisational concerns and the normative environment in Denmark all play important roles, Danish stakeholders have had a limited and decreasing influence over these policies.     

Congregational Aid: North American Protestant Engagement in International Relief and Development

A review of large North American Protestant congregations (n = 423) engaging in global relief and development, or ‘holistic mission’ (HM), suggests that half engage in HM activities per year, with the majority of those activities focused on human and physical sectors. Most activities are led by religious NGOs or missionaries and about half are short-term. A mix of proximity, poverty, population, and policy variables direct short- and long-term aid. Findings provide a benchmark for enhancing learning and partnerships among churches, NGOs, and development scholars, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of Protestant aid.     

Persuasion and Predation: The Effects of U.S. Military Aid and International Development Aid on Civilian Killings

ABSTRACT

Powerful states frequently employ foreign aid to pursue international security objectives. Yet aid's effectiveness will be undermined if it exacerbates the effects of conflict on civilians within recipient states. This article investigates how international development aid and U.S. military aid influence recipient governments' incentives and ability to target civilians. U.S. military aid has a persuasion effect on state actors, which decreases a recipient state's incentives and necessity to target civilians. Development aid flows, however, trigger a predation effect in some environments, exacerbating civilian targeting. An analysis of aid flows in 135 countries on civilian killings between 1989–2011 provides support for both the persuasion and predation effects associated with aid.     

The Effectiveness of Aid under Post-Conflict Conditions: A Sector-Specific Analysis

It is widely believed that foreign aid may help conflict-affected countries to recover after the termination of conflicts. However, the available empirical evidence supporting this view largely neglects the heterogeneous nature of aid. Drawing on the conflict database of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, we address the hypothesis that the effectiveness of post-conflict aid differs between specific sectors. Our focus is on social and economic infrastructure which is most likely to suffer during conflict episodes so that the need for aid is particularly pressing in this area. We find fairly robust evidence that post-conflict aid is effective in improving social infrastructure. In contrast, aid appears to be ineffective in improving economic infrastructure.     

Compensatory Aid and Debt Relief: A Case Study of Uganda

We propose a contingency financing framework to assist low-income countries in the achievement of debt sustainability. The framework relies on an accounting method to quantify external shocks to the balance of payments and provides compensatory financing to offset their impact. We apply the framework to the case of Uganda during the period 1988–2002 and find that it would have been highly effective in identifying and offsetting the adverse liquidity implications of shocks to the country's trade balance.     

Aid Absorption and Spending in Africa: A Panel Cointegration Approach

This article focuses on the macroeconomic management of large inflows of foreign aid. It investigates the extent to which African countries have coordinated fiscal and macroeconomic responses to aid surges. In practice, we construct a panel dataset to assess the level of aid ‘absorption’ and ‘spending’. This article departs from the recent empirical literature by utilising better measures for aid inflows and by employing cointegration analysis. The empirical short-run results indicate that, on average, Africa's low-income countries have absorbed two-thirds of (grant) aid receipts. This suggests that most of the foreign exchange provided by the aid inflows has been used to finance imports. The other third has been used to build up international reserves, perhaps to protect economies from future external shocks. In the long run, absorption increases but remains below its maximum. Moreover, we also show that aid resources have been fully spent, especially in support of public investment. There is only weak evidence that a share of aid flows have been ‘saved’. Overall, these findings suggest that the macroeconomic management of aid inflows in Africa has been significantly better than often portrayed in comparable exercises. The implication is that African countries will be able to efficiently manage a gradual scaling up in aid resources.     

欧盟对外发展援助政策的变化及其原因

一.欧盟对外发展援助政策概况 对外发展援助(developmentassitance)又称对外援助(foreignaid)或发展合作(developmentcooperation),从广义上说,是指一个国家、国家集团或国际组织对发展中国家给予的经济、资金、技术等方面的援助。对外发展援助作为战后国际关系的一个组成部分,无论对受援国还是援助国本身,都产生了重要影响。欧盟的对外发展     

Uneasy Alliances: A Look at the Right-Wing Extremist Movement in Canada

Despite the Canadian Security Intelligence Service's recent concern with the growing threat from right-wing extremists nationwide, we have little contemporary scholarship on the far right movement in Canada and fewer attempts to systematically analyze their ideologies and activities. Drawing on a three-year study involving interviews with Canadian law enforcement officials, community organizations, and right-wing activists, as well as analyses of open source intelligence, this article examines the endogenous factors that facilitate and inhibit the right-wing extremist movement in Canada. Findings suggest that strengths and weaknesses of the groups themselves can be exploited as a means of debilitating them.     

The Macroeconomics of Aid: Overview

Abstract

This Special Issue explores macroeconomic effects of aid from various perspectives through a blend of studies, both conceptual and empirical in nature. The overall aim is to enhance the understanding of the macroeconomic dimensions of aid in the policy and research communities, and to inspire further innovative work in this important area. This opening article provides a scene setting summary of five generations of aid research, with a particular focus on how the JDS has contributed to this literature, and ends with an overview of the papers included in this Issue.     

Food Aid and Malnutrition in Developing Countries: Evidence from Global Food Aid Allocation

This study investigates the allocation of dietary energy, iron, vitamin A and zinc within global food aid. The response of US and non-US donors to nutritional needs and donor interests is estimated with a dynamic correlated random effects Tobit model. Aid flows of the period 1993–2007 are analysed. The empirical results show that nutrient shipments in emergency food aid have been allocated towards poorer countries, but also face inertia and media bias. Project food aid from the US is found to be targeted towards politically stable and rural regions, while non-US project aid focuses on populations with high nutritional requirements.     

Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and Household Income

Using national representative household finance survey data covering more than 6200 Chinese households, we first construct a new multidimensional indicator for financial inclusion. Then we examine the effect of financial inclusion on household income. Our results elicit several findings. First, financial inclusion has a strong positive effect on household income. This effect can be found across all households with different levels of income. Second, low-income households are found to benefit more from financial inclusion than high and mid-level income ones. We argue that, in this sense, financial inclusion helps reduce income inequality.