Absence of Vertical Linkages and the Quest for Decentralized Service Delivery in Pakistan: An Innovation under Constraints

Local Government Ordinance, 2001 aimed to create a service-orientated local government by devolving many public services from the provincial to local levels. However, in many cases, local governments either did not have the capacity to manage them or the services extended across different geographic jurisdictions. The new system also restructured the three sub-national levels but without any vertical hierarchical linkages between them, and asked them to coordinate public service provision between them. This article suggests different remedies, including developing vertical administrative linkages and the reconstitution of Zila Mushawarat Committee to undertake coordination functions at intra-district level.     

Civil service reforms in British India and united Pakistan

Nearly 200 years of British rule of the Indian sub-continent clearly and significantly affected the society and people in the region. One of the continuing legacies of the British rule has been in the area of civil administration. The Indian Civil Service (ICS) characterized by centralization of authority and elite nature symbolized the British domination of the Indian people. From time to time attempts were made to reform the ICS. These reforms included introduction of competitive examination as a mode of entry, provision for systematic training and Indianization of the service. Pakistan inherited and continued with the British administrative system. The Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) was modelled after the ICS. A number of attempts were made to reform the CSP but all failed due to lack of political will and bureaucratic resistance to major administrative reforms.     

A comparative study of the production structure of the cotton textile industry in India and the USA

This paper attempts a comparison of production structures of the cotton textile industries in India and the USA, using the input‐output framework. There are studies of comparative production structures in an economy but a disaggregated study has not been attempted for a particular industry. Almost all studies of the international comparisons of production structure have revealed that there are structural similarities between developed and less developed countries in spite of wide differences in per capita income and in levels of development. These similarities may not persist at an industry level and it could be that the chosen product‐mix and techniques conceal the basic differences in production structure of a developing and a developed economy in the economy‐wide study.     

板球外交--印巴两国首脑推动和谈进程

巴基斯坦总统穆沙拉夫定于4月17日赴印观看印巴板球比赛,这是两国关系缓和的象征,也是两国和谈取得成果的延续.一年多来,在印巴两国首脑的推动下,缓解了2001年印度议会大厦遭袭后的双边紧张局势,开启并推动了两国和谈进程.     

Russian and Ukrainian elites: A comparative study of different identities and alternative transitions

The deterioration in Russian-Ukrainian relations heightened in 2014 but did not begin then and has deeper roots. Both Russian presidents have had troubled relations with all five Ukrainian presidents irrespective if they were described as ‘nationalist’ or ‘pro-Russian.’ This article is the first to explain why the roots of the crisis go deeper and it does this by investigating three areas. The first is the different sources of elites in 1991 when independent Russia captured Soviet institutions and undertook top-down state building while Ukraine inherited far less and set course with bottom up state-building. The second is divergent Russian and Ukrainian national identities. The third is the resultant different transitions with Russia reverting to great power imperial nationalism and Ukraine quadruple and post-colonial transitions.     

A comparative study of young and adult deliberate self-harm patients

Research has shown that the prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is higher in adolescents than in adults, but little is known about other differences. In this study we compare adolescent and adult DSH-patients regarding factors contributing to the suicidal act. In two regions in Norway, 98 persons under 20 years of age and 83 older persons were interviewed following an act of DSH. They were compared regarding intentions involved in the DSH, precipitating circumstances, level of suicidal intent, medical seriousness of the act, depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem. Few differences were found. The adults more often wanted to escape from unbearable thoughts or situations, or to receive care and attention. Adults also reported a slightly higher level of medical seriousness of the DSH act, more psychiatric problems, and substance abuse. The similarities between young and adult DSH-patients are striking. The differences found are most likely related to factors of age itself, such as cognitive immaturity, impulsivity, and lack of experience in enduring problems.     

A comparative analysis of some aspects of the training and visit system of agricultural extension in India

The article utilises recent farm survey data to assess the performance of the Training and Visit Extension system in one district in the state of Haryana (India) compared to a neighbouring district covered by an older extension system. The data show a significantly higher level of village‐level extension activity in the area covered by Training and Visit Extension, and this is compatible with the large number of staff and higher expenditure on extension under this system. The data also suggest that knowledge of improved practices, especially in wheat cultivation, diffused faster in the area covered by T & V extension.     

The national school of public administration in greece: A preliminary comparative study

This preliminary study seeks to identify some of the factors responsible for the hitherto limited success of the National School of Public Administration in Greece, which became operational in 1985. The School, modeled after the National School of Public Administration (ENA) in France, annually accepts into its four specialized tracks with their common core curriculum both civil servants and private citizens who succeed in its rigorous entrance competitions. The School represents an effort to identify administrative talent and offer specialized training in public administration toward upgrading the administrative capabilities of the Greek civil service. Some tentative conclusions point out that the limited success of the School is associated with its brief life span, its only partial acceptance by the unions of higher civil servants, its relatively legalistic program orientation, its inadequate emphasis on internships or learning by doing, the non-strategic placement of graduates, and the absence of an identifiable corps of administrative generalists readily transferable from department to department. Perhaps, the foremost constraining factors are to be found in the areas of limited resources, brief periods of experimentation, and limited adaptation of a French prototype to the current realities of the Greek civil service.     

巴基斯坦恐怖主义的新特点及其影响

最近,巴基斯坦接连发生一系列恐怖袭击事件。与以往相比,恐怖袭击的方式和性质体现出一些新特点、新动向,显示出巴恐怖主义的本地化进程不断加速、扩大的趋势。     

OECD imports of leather: Indian performance and real exchange rates of the Indian rupee

This article reports an econometric investigation of shares by source in imports of leather and leather manufactures into OECD markets over the period 1974–87, at four‐digit SITC level. The Indian share at each destination relative to that of other major exporters, taken serially and independently, is tested for sensitivity to relative price fluctuations as measured by the real bilateral exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the currency of the fellow exporter. The pattern of findings by product category and destination provides important guidelines for exchange rate policy and export strategy.