The Charge of Hooliganism

Proper attainment of the goals of the administration of justice is possible only if the criminally punishable act is properly charged in strict accordance with the law. The attainment of these goals, particularly in cases of hooliganism, is accompanied by considerable difficulties. The difficulties are due in considerable measure to the inadequate legal definition of the subjective criteria for that crime. Furthermore, such legislative concepts as "employment or attempted employment of a weapon" and "objects specially adapted to do bodily harm" are complicated in content and have given rise to many questions that are unclear or highly debatable.     

On Increasing the Responsibility for Hooliganism

Under the conditions of the comprehensive building of communism, all antisocial manifestations become increasingly intolerable, particularly instances of hooliganism, which do much harm to society and offend the honor and dignity of Soviet citizens. Hooliganism is the soil out of which other serious crimes grow.     

Hooliganism under the Statistical Magnifying Glass: A Belgian Case Study

In Belgium the most important football matches are statistically recorded. Therefore this case is presented to demonstrate what can be learnt from statistics and other qualitative information in order to assess hooliganism: the number of hardcore elements, their size, their maximum capacity for mobilisation, the age groups involved, the degree of activism, the number and characteristics of the incidents involved, links with political crime and/or extremism, relationships and/or rivalries with other hardcore elements, the size of the police resources deployed in order to tackle them, and the impact of certain measures in the fight against hooliganism. A number of the characteristics of the phenomenon of hooliganism (renewal, adaptation and international relationships, in particular) mean that one has to go beyond the pure and simple canvas of a questionnaire with a statistical vocation. It is for this reason that the statistical information in Belgium has, from the very start (the 1991-1992 season) been backed up by telephone interviews with special witnesses from various Belgian hardcore elements.     

Towards a Sociological Understanding of Football Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon

In this article a sociological diagnosis of football hooliganism as a world phenomenon is given. The author uses mainly English (newspaper) data about football violence (in and outside England) as an empirical base to explore how hooliganism can be theorised and understood. These data can usefully serve as a rough indication of the worldwide incidence of football hooliganism in the twentieth century. The author favours the figurational/process-sociological approach to football hooliganism which is historical and developmental. It also involves an exploration of the meanings of hooligan behaviour via an analysis of verbatim statements by the hooligans themselves, locates the football hooligans in the overall social structure, especially the class system, and examines the dynamics of the relationship between them and groups in the wider society. It is important, nevertheless, to stress that it is unlikely that the phenomenon of football hooliganism will be found always and everywhere to stem from identical social roots. As a basis for further, cross-national research, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the problem is fuelled and contoured by, among other things, what one might call the major 'fault-lines' of particular countries. Effective policies are urgently needed if the great social invention of football is to be protected from the serious threat posed by a combination of hooligan fans, complacent politicians and money-grabbing owners, managers and players.     

流氓罪废止后原司法裁决效力的宪法解读

中国刑法于1997年已经废除了流氓罪,但公民牛玉强却将因流氓罪服刑至2020年。从宪法学意义上对本案进行解读似乎更具说服力,即生效判决既判力的相对性,法的安定性和实质正义之间的相互平衡对我国刑法溯及力的影响,公民平等权的特殊面向,形式法治意义下罪刑法定原则的局限性,以及罪刑相适应原则的宪法涵摄。