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七月流火，夏日炎炎，似乎也想为风头正劲的司法改革试点工作添上一把柴禾，好让每个法律人都憧憬着的法治梦燃烧得更猛烈些。7月31日，上海市司法改革试点推进小组第二次会议审议通过了两个实施方案，此前已备受瞩目的上海司法改革先行试点由此全面启动，一时间众说纷纭。     

破产法中法院审判职能的理性回归与改革路径探析

本文认为,新破产法对法院的职能定位存在着公权越位和私权错位的立法失误。当前破产法中法院职能应向"去行政化"与"去民事化"方向改革,以实现破产审判职能的理性回归。在"去行政化"改革方面,可以在现行司法行政体系内设置破产管理人监管处(科)的司法行政管理部门,并推行破产管理人执业许可制度;在"去民事化"改革方面,在破产管理人的选任和报酬确定上,则应实行以债权人会议决定为主、人民法院指定为辅的立法模式。     

论我国民事诉讼法修改的基本动因和思路

随着民事审判方式改革的深入 ,对我国民事诉讼法修改的研究 ,已经是摆在民事诉讼法学界面前的一个重要课题。建立适应社会主义市场经济需要的民事诉讼法律制度 ,是我国走向司法民主和政治文明的重大步骤。     

改革开放以来中国共产党关于建设社会主义法治国家理论的历史发展——谨以此文纪念改革开放三十周年

改革开放以来,中国共产党逐步形成和发展了关于建设社会主义法治国家的理论:党的十一届三中全会以后,以邓小平为核心的党中央,在总结改革开放以前我国社会主义事业所经历的曲折和失误,借鉴其他国家法制建设的经验和教训的基础上,适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设起步的需要,初步形成了关于建设社会主义法治国家的理论;党的十三届四中全会以后,以江泽民为核心的党中央,面对20世纪80年代末90年代初国际国内政治风波的严峻考验,适应发展社会主义市场经济、把中国特色社会主义事业全面推向21世纪的需要,正式形成了关于建设社会主义法治国家的理论;党的十六大以来,以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央,适应全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的需要,继续发展了关于建设社会主义法治国家的理论。     

农民土地权益保护存在的问题及对策分析

土地农转非速度很快,农民土地权益得不到充分的保护,是我国经济发展中面临的一个重要问题。究其原因,与相关法律规范不完善、政府行为失范、村民代表会议和村民会议制度的操作性差等因素有着密切的关联性。为此,应当通过立法明确和完善农民的土地权益,并通过程序设计加以保障;依法控制和约束政府权力,促进政府依法行政;修改《村民委员会组织法》,完善村民会议制度和村民代表会议制度;建立农民土地权益的保护机制。     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Legal identity for all

This paper examines Sustainable Development Goal 16.9 on legal identity for all. It considers notions of legal identity in international law and looks at legal frameworks for legal identity in Commonwealth member countries, including in respect of birth registration, national identity registers and cards, legal identity requirements for transactions and services, and new forms of digital identity. The paper examines specific legal issues relevant to identity, including privacy and data protection, identity theft and property rights. It concludes by reviewing the latest developments in concepts of identity, and applicable emerging technologies. It makes recommendations in respect of legal and policy reform that Commonwealth member countries may undertake with a view to meeting SDG Target 16.9.     

Law reform in small states†

Law reform can be a complex and challenging process in any jurisdiction. Small states face additional challenges, and some advantages, associated with a small population and land area. This article looks at how law reform agencies in small states adapt the law reform process, and the particular significance of comparative research in that context. It goes on to outline how, despite the challenges, small state and jurisdiction law reform agencies have made very considerable contributions to the law. Finally, the article assesses the particular utility of co-operation between law reform agencies, including through regional associations.     

中国经济法的改革与创新——一种制度变迁的视角

经济法是我国改革开放的产物。中国经济法的改革与创新,是在改革开放、社会转轨的大背景下完成的。经济法的发展一直是＂摸着石头过河＂。一方面,＂渐进式改革＂注定了经济法在发展初期以国家本位为主导、以经济行政法规、法律＂双轨制＂立法为特征,在稳定的前提下,以较小的社会成本获得了中国经济的高速增长（政治的科斯定理）。早期我国经济法属于典型的＂由上而下＂的＂强制性制度变迁＂。随着经济改革的不断推进、意识形态的转变、以及国内外法制环境的变迁,特别是中国加入WTO,经济法完成了从国家干预法到国家协调法、从国家本位到社会本位、从国内法到国际转轨、从实体法到程序法、从硬法到软法、从公法到公私融合的六大转变。＂周虽旧邦,其命维新。＂新时代下,＂以人为本＂,以科学发展观为理念,经济法正迎接新的发展契机。     

The legal role of medical professionals in decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment: Part 3 (Victoria)

This is the final article in a series of three that examines the legal role of medical professionals in decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment from adults who lack capacity. This article considers the position in Victoria. A review of the law in this State reveals that medical professionals play significant legal roles in these decisions. However, the law is problematic in a number of respects and this is likely to impede medical professionals' legal knowledge in this area. The article examines the level of training that medical professionals receive on issues such as refusal of treatment certificates and substitute decision-making, and the available empirical evidence as to the state of medical professionals' knowledge of the law at the end of life. It concludes that there are gaps in legal knowledge and that law reform is needed in Victoria. The article also draws together themes from the series as a whole, including conclusions about the need for more and better medical education and about law reform generally.     

It wasn't all white light before Prism: Law enforcement practices in gathering data abroad,and proposals for further transnational access at the Council of Europe

This is a brief comment on a meeting held at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, which discussed ways of improving transnational access to data by law enforcement through the Cybercrime Convention. In particular, the possible introduction of a new protocol, and a guidance note on art. 32(b), were considered. It is argued that there are serious concerns with both proposals. Moreover, the meeting revealed a surprising lack of knowledge as to current levels of cooperation between law enforcement and foreign service providers.     

法律移植与中国刑法的近代化——以《大清新刑律》为中心

《大清新刑律》是清末法律改革的产物 ,从体系到内容都移植了西方刑法。它遭到礼教派的种种责难 ,这表明清末移植西方刑法的艰难。虽然《大清新刑律》在清末没有得到实施 ,但它的颁布使中国刑法走上了近代化的道路 ,并成为民国时期刑法的重要历史渊源。     

权利发展与刑法改革

权利发展遵循初民权利———自然权利———法律权利的进路;刑法进化存在伦理刑法———政治刑法———市民刑法形态,与权利发展一动一趋。中国向公民社会迈进,刑法发展以民权刑法为目标。中国刑法改革必须承应社会变迁与权利发展,以权利发展为主导,改革刑法的基础观念,反思刑法与刑事政策,积极推动非犯罪化与刑罚改革。     

论公司法改革中商法思维的引入和运用

当前,在以法治思维和法治方式推动改革的背景下,商法思维得到理论和实务界的极大重视。我国于2013年12月28日完成的公司法改革,仅仅对公司资本缴纳制度进行了宽缓化处理,不具有结构性的突破。公司法再次修改的呼声渐隆。未来公司法改革,该如何引入和运用商法思维,目前尚缺乏深入系统的研究。以公司担保规范适用在理论和实践中存在的争点为视角切入,对商法思维的意义、内容体系及关键点等问题进行释疑和厘清,在此基础上就公司法改革中引入商法思维的功效及具体运用问题进行系统的阐释和论述,并对公司法改革引入和运用商法思维的留意点予以探讨,有重要价值。     

Theorizing Criminal Law Reform

How are we to understand criminal law reform? The idea seems simple—the criminal law on the books is wrong: it should be changed. But 'wrong’ how? By what norms 'wrong’? As soon as one tries to answer those questions, the issue becomes more complex. One kind of answer is that the criminal law is substantively wrong: that is, we assume valid norms of background political morality, and we argue that doctrinally the criminal law on the books does not embody those norms. Another kind of answer is that the criminal law as it stands presupposes certain empirical facts, and yet those facts do not hold. Traditionally, criminal law reform has been informed by both these answers. Analytical theorists examine doctrine for its conceptual structure, and social scientists examine the actual workings of the criminal justice system. This tidy picture is, however, challenged by social constructivist accounts of the criminal law. They challenge the stability and conceptual purity of doctrine, and they challenge the objectivity of social science. On the basis of these challenges, they undermine the ambitions of traditional criminal law reform, and argue that the only reforms to the criminal law that matter are politicized ones—that criminal law reform is pointless unless it serves the interests of the marginalized and the dispossessed. It seems undeniable that in some sense our perceptions of crime in our society are indeed moulded by social forces, and that crime does not exist independently of the social structures and processes that help to define and control it. But why should those insights have the implications for our understanding of criminal law reform that they are alleged to have? How could it follow from those insights that criminal law reform either becomes radicalized or valueless? The aim of this paper is to show that what can legitimately be taken from the emphasis on the social constructedness of crime does not require wholesale abandonment of the traditional picture of criminal law reform, even though it may require some modifications of that picture.     

股东大会会议体制下的股东质询权——日本董事等说明义务制度的理论借鉴

日本判例学说基于会议体制运营的一般原则,一直肯定董事等在股东大会上的说明义务,1981年更以立法形式将该义务明确,并在之后30年中进一步完善。相比之下,我国公司法虽以股东质询权的形式明确了董事等的说明义务,但忽略了其与股东大会会议体制之间的理论关系,这将导致很多具体问题难以合理解释和操作,鉴于此,有必要在今后的解释或立法中明确这项义务在股东大会会议体制中的定位。     

The Law on the Status of Deputies to the Soviets - In Action

The Law on the Status of Deputies to Soviets of Working People's Deputies in the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet, has been in effect now for over a year and a half. Taking into consideration the special importance of exact and undeviating implementation of that law, the Committees on Legislative Proposals and the Mandate Committees of the two houses of the USSR Supreme Soviet have made a careful study of experience in carrying out this law and discussed this question in March 1974 at a joint meeting. A report to this meeting was presented by I. K. Lutak, deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet and leader of a group of member-deputies of these committees who had prepared this question for consideration. G. I. Usmanov, chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet, presented a report on experience in applying the Law on the Status of Deputies, as did N. A. Evsigneev, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Voronezh Regional Soviet of Working People's Deputies. Animated discussion arose at the meeting. Participating in it were deputies R. Kh. Abdullaeva, L. T. Torkkeli, A. N. Balandin, F. S. Kuralenok, B. P. Beshchev (USSR minister of transportation), and also S. I. Gusev, deputy procuratorgeneral of the USSR. I. V. Kapitonov, chairman of the Committee on Legislative Proposals of the Council of the Union and a secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, also spoke at the meeting.     

私有财产权与法律改革--1978-2003中国法律改革史考察

中国1978年至2003年的法律改革是围绕着确立和保护私有财产权来进行的.私法领域的改革确立了私法财产权,公法领域的改革确立了公法财产权.私法财产权和公法财产权的结合构成了完整意义上的私有财产权制度.2004年通过的宪法第22条修正案同时规定了私法财产权和公法财产权,是对中国25年法律改革的概括和总结.     

法律制度的需求层次、博弈及路径分析

以制度经济学的基本理论研究法律的制度需求命题。法律的供给与需求构成了法律规范运用于社会的两极 ,是实现法律制度变迁的前提。以制度的成本和收益为坐标系 ,探讨法律制度需求的多层次性、实证的博弈状态、满足路径以及相关原则 ,为法律制度的构建提供完整的现实图景和参照依据     

从三个“谁”的角度分析中国国有公司治理——鉴于日本的失败经验

在日本,公司治理的效力很早以前就成为较大的问题,很多人认为日本的许多经营者监督机制并没有发挥应有的作用,而是存在很多漏洞,这是因为日本的法律和现实情况之间存在很大的距离,比如日本的法律规定股东大会选任监事和董事,董事会和监事对董事或者代表董事进行监督,而在现实情况中,社长把握着极大的权力,可以选任自己的部下作为监事和董事,甚至在退休之后都可以垂帘听政。因此,20世纪90年代以后,日本引进了美国式的公司治理制度,但是这种公司治理制度改革不能认为是很成功的,以日本的失败经验为基础分析中国大型国有公司的公司治理问题很有参考价值,这就是日本没有从三个"谁"的视点进行改革。