The Safeguarding of Socialist Legality By Local Soviets

V. I. Lenin regarded socialist legality as one of the basic principles of the activity of the state, its organs, officials, and citizens, based upon the requirement that the laws be adhered to unswervingly. He persistently emphasized the need "to hold sacred the laws and directives of Soviet power and to make sure that they are carried out by each and all." (1)     

Rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is a political organization uniting citizens of the USSR on a voluntary basis for the realization of programmatic objectives based on general human values and the Communist ideal. In creatively developing the ideas of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, making use of the achievements of progressive social thought, and insisting on internationalism, its objective is to create in the country a humane and democratic socialism and to ensure conditions for the free and all-round development of the individual. The CPSU expresses and defends the interests of the working class, the peasants, the intelligentsia, and other social strata committed to the socialist choice, and strives to achieve a civic consensus and consolidation of the multinational Soviet society.     

试论列宁晚年思想的局限

列宁晚年思想的鲜明特征就是对社会主义的重新认识。在《论合作社》一中，列宁明确指出“我们对社会主义的整个看法根本改变了”，但他的论述却出现了一些明显的混乱和矛盾。一是在发展阶段上不适当地提出俄国已经是社会主义国家。二是间接地提到一国能够“建成”社会主义，三是对有些问题的论述过于绝对化。列宁晚年的某些论断也存在着偏颇，例如“党政一体化”问题、“东方决战论”问题，事实已证明是经不起实践检验的。列宁晚年思想之所以会产生局限，最主要的原因是缺乏经验，同时也与党内大多数党员理论素养不高以及列宁独特的语言风格有着比较大的关系。     

Christian Wolff and the classics of“scientific socialis”

The paper analyses the reception of Christian Wolff in the work of the founders of scientific socialism. It is discussed how Marx, Engels and Lenin thought about a leading representative of German Enlightenment. The author argues that the classics of scientific socialism knew about Wolff in an off-handed and secondary way. As the case of Wolff shows their studies regarding philosophical, legal, sociological and economic theories and those who represented them were strongly influenced by thinking with the logic and in the categories of class antagonism and struggle. The Wolff treatment by Marx, Engels and Lenin determined his reception in the philosophy and economics of the state socialism.     

Coordination: Its Essence and Practice

At the present stage in our country's development, when major problems of the national economy are being resolved, particular significance attaches to Lenin's premise of proper combination of the interests of the country as a whole with those of local concern. "The lack, in the localities, of harmonized work among the various departments," wrote Vladimir Il'ich Lenin, "is one of the great evils interfering with economic development. An enormous amount of attention must be paid to this question" (Poln. sobr. soch. [Complete Works], vol. 43, p. 278). The timeliness of this instruction by Lenin is beyond question. It also pertains directly to the work of the local soviets, particularly their activity of coordination. As we know, the new laws on the local soviets have granted them the right, within the limits of their jurisdiction, to coordinate enterprises and organizations belonging to higher levels insofar as their efforts are directed toward the development of the economy within their geographic boundaries, and above all in the spheres having to do with services to the population.     

列宁社会主义司法体制的构想及其实践

作为世界上第一个社会主义国家的缔造者,列宁所阐发的司法思想影响了整个社会主叉阵营的司法体制建构和司法制度的形成.虽然列宁所创立的前苏联已经解体,但是他所创立的社会主义阵营仍然存在.今天,正确评价和认识列宁对社会主义司法体制的构想,与时俱进地借鉴列宁社会主义司法体制构想的合理成分,对于完善我国社会主义国家司法体制,仍然富有时代意义和理论价值.     

列宁检察垂直领导理论及其实践价值

检察垂直领导理论是列宁检察权思想的精髓和重要组成部分,不仅构筑为苏俄和前苏联时期乃至于当代俄罗斯检察制度的理论基点,而且对新中国成立初期检察制度的建立和检察体制的形成产生了重大影响.我国检察系统曾经两度实行垂直领导体制,但是中国检察制度借鉴列宁检察垂直领导理论的历史实践并不顺畅,最终演化为目前的双重领导体制.在当下中国司法改革的宏观背景下,如何推进检察领导体制的改革是一项重大法治课题.重温列宁检察垂直领导思想及其理论逻辑,对于中国检察体制改革的进一步发展和完善,具有重要的理论借鉴价值和实践指导意义.     

Current Problems in the Development of Internationality Relationships in the USSR

The nationalities question has always been one of the most important in the development of society and one of the most complex. The founders of Marxism-Leninism fought tirelessly against the confusion consciously introduced into this problem by bourgeois ideologists and politicians and against its distortion by all sorts of opportunists. It is specifically the complexity and importance of this problem that explain the fact that Lenin devoted many dozens of his works to it, including those written at the end of his life.     

The 1970s : Reply to a Discussion

We are all aware of the vast practical and scientific significance of the problem of studying and preventing crime and of researching its causes and the conditions giving rising to it. That is why one of the principal provisions of Soviet criminal procedure is the demand that the reasons and conditions making possible the commission of the crime be determined in each criminal case, and that measures be taken to eliminate them. But if the most characteristic, the most typical features in the development of criminality are to be discovered, and if its essential causes and conditions are to be determined (and this is a most important task of criminology), we cannot rely upon the study of individual cases and persons. Because these typical, essential characteristics in the realm of criminality manifest themselves in the form of statistical regularities, criminology must therefore make use of the statistical method on the very largest scale, i.e., it must base its conclusions upon mass-scale observations. "We must remember the rule," wrote Lenin, "that in social science... we deal with mass-scale phenomena and not individual cases." (1) Therefore, criminology, like the other social sciences, is required "to make broader and fuller use of the richest statistical material. For statistics, like concrete investigations, are the air without which science suffocates and is distorted into dead scholasticism." (2)     

检察机关提起民事公益诉讼之权力解析及程序构建

我国的检察权是一种复合型的权力,法律监督权和公诉权是其最主要的两种权能,这两种权力在本质上存在不可兼容性。检察机关提起民事公益诉讼的权力源自其公诉职能。检察机关提起民事公益诉讼的制度构建应该首先在宪法上明确其公诉职能,并以此为据,在《人民检察院组织法》和《民事诉讼法》中确定检察机关在民事公益诉讼中的"公诉人"地位,设置检察机关提起公益诉讼的特别程序。     

The Rebirth of the Black Sea Fleet in the 1920s

The task of rebuilding the Soviet Black Sea Fleet¹ topped the agenda almost from the first days of the nation's transition from civil war to peace. During that period, however, it was a task that entailed major difficulties. "Some ships were lost in battle," recalls Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov, "some were scuttled by our own sailors on orders from V. I. Lenin to keep them from falling into enemy hands, and others were sailed by White Guards to Bizerte, the French base in Africa."² Soviet Black Sea ports were in ruins. In early 1921, ships could tie up at only twenty-nine of the sixty-two previous Odessa moorages. Two-thirds of the berthages in Nikolaev had been put out of commission.³     

主权让渡的法律涵义三辨

当要强调国际组织在某些事项上获得对成员国的控制力和支配性时,主权让渡应表述为“主权权力”的让渡;当要强调国际组织由成员国的让渡行为而获得了某种排他的能力和资格时,主权让渡则应表述为“主权权利”的让渡。类似于基本权利和派生权利的区分难以适当地解释主权权利的让渡。在国家让渡了越来越多主权权利的情况下,代表主权的是终极支配权,而不是所谓基本权利。     

基层群众性自治组织法人制度三论

基层群众性自治组织法人虽在《民法典》中被定位为特别法人,但性质上应属公法人,一是其成立的主要依据是《宪法》《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》;二是通过履行一系列管理职能以实现“服务于公益”这一职能目的;三是财产来源的公共性。其章程不同于营利法人和非营利法人,而实际法律化为《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》,即为法律性章程,主要原因在于《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》的规定已经涵盖了村(居)民委员会法人章程所需内容,实质上成了村(居)民委员会法人的章程;同时,法律性章程比一般私法人章程多了“强制力”这一执行力保障,能确保基层群众性自治组织功能的实现;而且,只有法律性章程才能解决基层群众性自治组织法人在自治过程中遇到的诸多问题,克服自治性章程的固有弊端。基层群众性自治组织法人的民事能力受其“职能”的限制,主要体现为财产支配和交换能力、侵权责任能力、劳动合同能力与监护人能力;不能以自己的名义为交易行为,也不宜被赋予破产能力,除依法代行村集体经济组织职能的村民委员会外,不能为他人提供担保。     

组织与权力的经济分析——通过对组织本质和类型演化的分析透视权力及变迁

本文分三大部分分解组织与权力的关系。第一部分从权力行使的基础———资源出发 ,论述了组织是一种权力 ,并且是一种最常态的权力 ;第二部分从人类利益的异质性及不同组织提供“物品”的不同属性出发 ,分析了组织及权力类型多元化的必然性 ;同时 ,立足于组织“物品”的不同属性所引发的不同经济效应 ,阐述了各种组织及各种权力之间的关系 ;第三部分从组织是一种资源的规模配置方式出发 ,分析了权力变迁及变迁的内在动因。     

侦查“会诊”探析

侦查中的“会诊”是指案件主办者为了推进疑难案件侦查,通过寻求外部协作、协助,邀请若干专家、学者、办案能手和其 它具有专门知识、技能的人参与,共同探究案情并提出相应的侦查方案。会诊与案件主办者自行开会探究案情相比较,有相同之处也 有明显特点。会诊的意义主要在于为侦查提供知识、思维方法和信心、意志等方面的支持。在新形势下,侦查机关应通过建立会诊人才 库、推行网上会诊和建立会诊制度等举措,充分发挥会诊的作用。     

What is an employee benefit plan?: ERISA preemption of "any willing provider" laws after Pegram

This note considers the implications of a recent Supreme Court decision, Pegram v. Herdrich, for preemption of state laws under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Though Pegram dealt with a fiduciary liability question, and not preemption specifically, the Court in arriving at its decision laid out a definition of the word "loan"--a word that is used in both the fiduciary liability section of ERISA and the preemption section. The Court's definition focuses upon the relationship between the managed care organization and the employer that hires it. The definition, however, excludes from the meaning of "plan" the relationship between the managed care organization and the health care providers it hires. Thus, this Note argues that according to Pegram, state laws that regulate the relationship between managed care organizations and health care providers, such as "any willing provider" laws, should not be preempted by ERISA.     

列宁的法律监督思想与中国检察制度

列宁从苏联法制的现实和国家政体的建构上,提出了建立统一的检察机关来履行法律监督的职能。中国检察制度的选择与建构中,既对列宁的法律监督思想及其指导下的苏联检察制度进行借鉴,又根据中国国情进行了本土化,并在制度和思想上进行了发展。正确认识列宁的法律监督思想,要区分清楚其具有的普遍性和局限性,从而指导中国的检察体制改革。     

对我国民法上非法人组织概念的质疑

我国民法典第102—107条对非法人组织的规范重点没有放在其"社团性"和"团体性"上,而是将其放在"不具有法人资格,但是能够依法以自己的名义从事民事活动"、"其出资人或者设立人承担无限责任"上,没有能够反映出非法人组织的本质特征。更为严重的是:(1)不区分经营性与非经营性非法人组织,一律让其成员承担无限连带责任。这不符合很多非经营性,甚至公益性非法人组织存在的宗旨,对其存在和发展不利,也不符合中国国情和比较法上的一般理论与实践。例如,中国法学会下属的许多学会都是典型的非经营性非法人组织,会员如何能够对学会的债务承担连带责任?无论从会员加入学会的愿意和内心、人们对学会的期望,还是习惯,都是不可能的。(2)明确把合伙企业纳入到非法人组织中去。这样一来,就彻底抹杀了非法人组织与合伙的基本区别,从而也就无从把非法人组织与我国法上的"两户"区分开来。另外,业主大会与业主委员会关系及主体性问题也应当在非法人组织的框架内得到妥善的解决。     

节目还是信号?——广播组织权客体探惑

对于广播组织权的客体问题,学界始终在"信号"与"节目"间争论不休.在《著作权法》第三次修订过程中,广播组织权的客体也经历了从一审稿中"载有节目的 信号"到二审稿及最终生效稿"广播、电视"的过程.尽管《著作权法》第三次修订已经完成,但重新审视学界关于"信号说"与"节目说"的观点,对于理解广播组织权客体仍有必要.从历史分析的角度出发探究广播组织权的设立初衷,结合学界对广播组织权客体"节目说"与"信号说"两种观点,在体系解释框架下对广播组织权制度的走向进行展望,以保证法律条款之间的融贯.     

论列宁和俄共（布）发展先进文化的尝试

列宁和俄共（布）在无产阶级掌握政权以前提出，必须提倡先进的文化，即彻底的民主主义的文化和社会主义的文化，用这种文化教育无产阶级和人民群众，促进社会主义革命和社会主义建设事业的发展。十月革命胜利后，他们认识到先进文化是人类在旧社会创造的全部知识合乎规律的发展，苏维埃制度有利于先进文化的发展，并且采取有效措施如利用现成学校推进教育工作促进先进文化，发展社会教育促进先进文化等等。苏俄新经济政策时期，他们将发展先进文化的思想和实践提升到一个新的水平。