The search for the Russian Mafia

After the fall of communism in the Soviet Union, newspapers, films, academic researchers and intelligence agencies warned against a new phenomenon in organized crime: the “Russian mafiya.” In fact, since the fall of the Berlin Wall, Western European countries have noted an increase in the number of criminals from Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1990s, the Dutch judicial authorities made the issue a priority and established a special team to investigate crime with links to Eastern Europe. From 1999 to 2005, the KT NON crime team published several studies and reports on serious crime of this nature. In this paper, the authors, who were assigned to the KT NON crime team, discuss the findings of the two most recent publications on the “causes, nature, scale and threat of Central and Eastern European crime” and “mobile banditry,” respectively. They come to the conclusion that among other forms of crime, the phenomenon of mobile banditry seems to be the most serious manifestation of crime from post-communist countries. The Russian mafia was not found.

The Ukrainian Revolution and the Russian Counterrevolution

The shift to a monopolistic political regime in Russia in 2004 was largely a defensive reaction to the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, but it is likely to prove counterproductive.     

非洲国家的律师制度

非洲国家自获得政治独立以来,初步建立了自己的司法制度,同时也开始逐步建立和发展自己本国的律师制度.然而,总体来看,非洲国家的律师制度才刚刚起步,还不是很发达,并且还存在诸多问题.在经济全球化和民主自由化浪潮的冲击和影响下,作为保障人权、实现社会正义以及促进民主法治的律师制度将在非洲国家得到不断的发展和完善.     

The Lessons of a Russian

It appears that immediately after the Central Electoral Commission totalled up the preliminary results, postelection fever and hysteria broke out, embracing not only politicians and journalists but a portion of the public as well, and that very widespread myths took hold, serving as the base on which public consciousness has attempted to adapt to a new political reality. A calm professional analysis now shows, however, that much of what happened to us simply could not have occurred otherwise, that clear roots and obvious causes existed. There is much we simply did not want to notice or to acknowledge, while attempting to pass off the desirable for the real and reality for a myth. But timidity of the mind has taken its toll, and the time has now come to draw some lessons.     

俄罗斯联邦反恐怖主义法

本联邦法律规定反恐怖主义的基本原则、恐怖主义的预防及反恐怖主义的法律和组织基础、减少和(或)消除恐怖主义表现的后果及在反恐怖斗争中运用俄罗斯联邦武装力量的法律和组织原则。     

The Russian Population's Attitude Toward the President's Activities

Data from mass surveys on the situation within our country, on popular attitudes toward the activities of this or that political leader, on the ratings of politicians, and so on, appear regularly in newspapers and on television. However, these data are very fragmentary. As a rule, there is no information about where and how the survey was conducted. Usually just the name of the organization doing the study and the size of the sample are given. Therefore, it is impossible to follow the dynamics of these assessments. A series of repeated investigations is necessary.     

The Scope for Joint Implementation in the EU Candidate Countries

Central and Eastern European Candidate countries are involved in negotiations with the EU on the implementation of the Acquis Communautaire in their domestic law. These countries are also preparing themselves for international co-operation in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Through this co-operation the Candidate countries will most likely transfer GHG emission reduction credits to other industrialised countries listed in Annex B of the Protocol. This can take place through JI project co-operation and/or International Emissions Trading. This paper argues that the Acquis environmental requirements will in general lead to GHG emission reduction in the Candidate countries, which will reduce the scope for JI in these countries. The extent to which the JI scope will be reduced depends, among others, on the timing of entering the EU and the transitional arrangements between the EU and the Candidates.     

国外非政府组织社会责任研究述评

随着非政府组织在数量、组织以及活动范围的不断扩大,其作用越来越大,已经成为权力结构的一部分,由此引发了关于其社会责任问题的研究。本文对国外非政府组织的角色和功能做了历史分析,对于其社会责任的争议做了评述：从非政府组织的社会责任概念、逻辑形式、类别、代表性问题、相关利益者责任、责任机制等方面进行了比较分析。     

英美证据评价制度的定位

近年来,汤维建教授及其同事何家弘教授分别撰文指出,英美法系的证据制度既不属于自由心证制度,也不属于法定证据制度,而是介于两者之间的一种制度。这样的观点不仅为许多学者接受,也对我国的证据制度建构产生了影响。对其观点之依据进行分析发现证据的关联性不同于关联程度,证据关联性的法定性不等于证明力评价的法定性;陪审员的非自由意志也不能成为证据证明力评价法定性的依据。要之,英美证据评价制度是与大陆法系证据制度不同的另一种自由心证制度,受诉讼价值目标以及审判组织结构的影响,我国统一证据法不能采用英美法系的立法模式。     

《俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法》（续）

(接上期 )第 40 - 5条　职务任免权限1、俄罗斯联邦总检察长任免下列人员职务 :A、俄罗斯联邦总检察院的总局和局的局长和副局长、处长和副处长 ;总检察长的顾问 ,高级助理和特别委托高级助理、助理和特别委托助理 ;第一副总检察长和副总检察长的特别委托助理 ;总局、局和处的高级检察员和检察员、高级刑事检察员和刑事检察员 ;特别重大案件高级侦查员和侦查员及其助理。其他职务工作人员由俄罗斯联邦副总检察长任命。B、俄罗斯联邦主体检察长及与其同级检察长 ,依据本联邦法第 13条第 1款之规定程序任命。C、俄罗斯联邦主体的副检察长及…     

The Code Of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation

The new Code of Civil Procedure of the RSFSR, adopted on June 11, 1964 by the Third Session of the Sixth RSFSR Supreme Soviet, will go into effect as of October 1, 1964.     

The Criminalisation of Russian State Security

While the Russian authorities may seek to talk up the role their security apparatus plays in combating organised crime, in fact, they are to a large extent falling prey to criminalisation. A culture of corruption and a decade of neglect have combined to create a situation in which not only do police, army, and security officers provide services to ‘civilian’ criminals but organised crime groupings have actually formed within them. These gangs tend to be defined by their location and legal powers, both of which can be abused for criminal ends, and they include police and military officers at the very apex of their respective command structures. There are grounds for hope now that President Putin is beginning to become aware of the practical dangers this poses for Russian national security, not least given the haemorrhage of weapons to criminal and insurgent hands, but, for the immediate future, the security apparatus will remain corrupted and criminalised.     

Human trafficking in the Russian federation

Human trafficking studies and existing awareness efforts in Russia have largely focused on analysis of at-risk groups, attempting to provide a “portrait of the human trafficking victim.” Considerably less attention has been given to an in-depth analysis of potential root causes for human trafficking.