Council of the Chamber of Attorneys of Nizhnii Novgorod Oblast Extract from Record no. 7 of Session on July 2, 2008

[Main accusation: assuming representation of a suspect against his wishes.—Eds.]     

Council of the Chamber of Attorneys of Nizhnii Novgorod Oblast Extract from Record no. 8 of Session on August 6, 2008

[Main accusation: assisting an investigator's efforts to induce a suspect to incriminate himself.—Eds.]     

江村村民委员会选举个案研究

江村村民委员会选举经历了候选人从"内定"到推荐、从等额到差额的转变过程,是村民意愿与上级意图磨合的结果.村民参与选举的热情与他们的切身利益、他们真正当家作主的预期以及他们对村委会的依附程度有关.基层政府在选举中既起到了积极指导又起到了变相控制的双重作用.这一个案对我们完善有关法律制度提供了有益的启示:应从制度上进一步明确乡、村之间的关系,合理地划分乡镇政府与村委会的权限;应对村民代表会议的产生、权限及其运行加以规范化和细化;应将"无候选人的直接选举"合法化等等.     

Unintended Consequences: Anticipation of General Election Outcomes And Primary Election Divisiveness

This article offers the first theory to explain the relationship between primary election divisiveness and general election outcomes that is grounded in candidates' own behavior. Conventional wisdom holds that divisive primaries cause candidates to do poorly in general elections. I show that primary divisiveness does not cause this or any other pattern of general election results. Rather, expectations about general election results cause primaries to be divisive. Non‐incumbents enter races they think they can win, and they think they can win where the incumbent is vulnerable. More candidates enter those races than others, splitting the vote among them. This stampede creates divisive primaries in which incumbents are most likely to do poorly, and challengers well, in the general elections. As a result, divisiveness is associated with (but does not cause) better general election performances among challengers and worse performances among incumbents. In this manner, primary divisiveness is an unintended consequence of behavior directed towards the goal of winning the general election. I tested these propositions using data from major‐party House primaries between 1976 and 1998 and found that (a) candidate expectations of victory determine when and where divisive primary elections occur, (b) those expectations drive the correlation between primary divisiveness and general election results, and (c) primary divisiveness correlates with incumbents doing poorly, and challengers well, in general elections.     

社区直选制度的探索——“海曙直选”的意义及启示

"海曙直选"是中国社区基层民主的一次成功尝试和突破."海曙直选"推动了社区直选工作在全国范围内铺开,它对社区管理体制改革的意义不言而喻.更重要的是,"海曙直选"作为社区直选的典范,它已突破了社区直选本身的意义,已经成为中国社区基层民主进程的一大标志.同时,通过"海曙直选",我们看到社区直选制度的完善还有很长一段路要走,还要在不断的实践中总结经验.     

从国家的视角看村委会选举的成本与效益

从国家的角度看,村民委员会选举作为“世界最大规模的民选实验”,有其不容低估的政治、经济成本与收益。其成本既包括选举过程中正常耗费的人、财、物等经济性投入,也包括可能出现的乡镇权威的下降,一些既得利益群体的干扰等政治性成本;其收益既包括激活农村经济社会发展,降低国家对农村的管理成本等经济性收益,也包括推动村委会成员素质的优化,推进党和国家民主化进程,促进农村民主型政治化的形成,加快国家与社会关系的重构等,统而观之,现阶段村委会选举的收益远大于成本,并且随着村民自治的拓展其成本递减、收益递增,同时,应通过政府对村委会选举的合法引导和弹性控制减少其成本,扩展其收益。     

中国村级民主选举的法社会学思考

村级民主选举不同于国家机关选举,是村民自治的重要内容,它具有法律性和政治性。在村级民主选举中还存在着程序不合法、黑恶势力和宗族势力操纵选举、参加选举不积极等问题。解决这些问题,一要靠教育,二要靠制度保证。     

村委会选举中村民群体行为的生成

理论界把群体行为叫做群体事件，并认为具有违法性的特点，不够准确。应当叫群体行为。且包括合法的和违法的两类群体行为；将选举中的违法行为作为群体行为的原因，虽有一定的事实依据，但失于表面化，值得关注的特殊原因有，罢免案中潜在的诱因；较高的经济发展水平激活了村民主体意识和权利意识，成为诱发群体行为的重要的间接因素；选举活动本身也是诱发村民群体行为的因素。内因包括利益群体形成的原因、群体行为形成的原因和群体行为方式的选择的原因等。     

The Use of Party Brand Labels in Congressional Election Campaigns

In spite of the centrality of partisanship to many theories of lawmaking, and the important role that party cues play in shaping voters' evaluations of political candidates, remarkably little is known about the circumstances under which congressional candidates use partisan symbols on the campaign trail. Employing data on candidates' televised advertisements over six elections (1998–2008), the present study explores the “supply side” of partisan cues and finds that candidates are strategic about their use of party symbols. And while personal and district‐level factors influence how candidates utilize partisan rhetoric, we show that the institutional context in which they campaign also matters.     

浅析妨害村民委员会选举行为的法律规制

村民委员会选举是我国社会主义民主在农村最广泛的实践形式之一。近年来,在村民委员会选举过程中出现了贿选、拉帮结派、暗中威胁、伪造虚报、撕毁选票、抢夺票箱、攀比公益捐助、违法行政行为、非法组织介入等妨害村民委员会选举的行为,严重影响了选举的公正性、影响了村民的参与热情、影响了农村社会稳定。治理妨害行为,法律规制是关键,通过修订立法、规范程序、完善对妨害行为的惩治规定、建立司法救济制度来构建遏制这种行为的法律框架。     

民事程序选择权的正当性分析

导源于程序主体性原则的民事程序选择权在推行市场经济和实施依法治国方略的今天,具有重大意义。文章在阐释了民事程序选择权的含义之后,从其理论基础、价值透视以及制约因素方面,深入地分析了民事程序选择权的正当性。     

The Effects of Election Proximity on Participatory Shirking: The Staggered‐Term Chamber as a Laboratory

This study discusses a downside of electoral pressure. As elections approach, legislators reduce their effort in legislative activities, albeit while increasing their efficiency. To show this, we propose a new, natural experimental design exploiting staggered legislative election calendars to identify the effect of approaching elections. Two‐way natural blocking improves the balance of pretreatments and an instrumental variable approach addresses noncompliance by retirees. Our analysis of the Japanese House of Councillors demonstrates that legislators up for election show up in the chamber less often than those not facing election; however, when they do show up and speak, they tend to speak longer.     

喀什师范学院,新疆喀什844000

贿选是当前严重危害政治民主的腐败现象。现行法律中将贿选视为破坏选举罪的行为方式之一,然而,贿选的社会危害性远不是破坏选举罪所能涵盖的。贿选与贿赂罪在罪质上具有同一性,在行为方式上具有相似性,为切实发挥法律对贿选的遏止作用,建议单独设置选举贿赂罪,并将其归之于贿赂罪这一类罪名中。     

WTO与我国反倾销对策选择

自１９７９年欧盟首次对原产于我国的糖精和闹钟发起反倾销调查以来，截止至２０００年，我国的出口商品共遭遇反倾销调查３３０余件，共涉及近２００类产品①，反倾销发起国涵盖了我国的主要出口市场，因此一直以来人们的目光都集中在如何应对外国对我国的反倾销起诉上？而对于外国是否在中国有倾销行为，如何对国外的倾销予以抵御却似乎关心不够。到１９９９年止我国对外国产品的倾销控诉案仅为４件。我国加入世贸组织后，一方面我国原有的保护民族工业的惯常做法（如高关税壁垒）则因大多与WTO的基本原则不相容而无法继续下去；另一方…     

Balancing Competing Demands: Position Taking and Election Proximity in the European Parliament

Parties value unity, yet members of parliament have incentives to deviate from the party line. This article examines how members of the European Parliament (EP) respond to competing demands from national parties and European party groups. We examine ideological shifts within a single parliamentary term to assess how election proximity affects party group cohesion. Our formal model of legislative behavior suggests that when EP elections are proximate, national party delegations shift toward national party positions, thus weakening EP party group cohesion. Our Bayesian item‐response analysis of roll calls in the 5th EP supports our theoretical predictions.     

我国选举法修改中的问题与反思

选举法历来是关乎民主和法治最重要的法律之一,选举是一国民主和法治的标尺。我国立法机关理应全面审查现行选举法中存在的缺陷,进行全面的修改。     

冷战后新选举制度及其对日本政党政治的影响

从大选举区到中选举区，再到小选举区与比例代表并立制度的确立，战后日本选举制度变迁经历了一个多种选举类型混合的演变历程。旨在克服以往选举制度弊端的新选举制度，体现了日本冷战后独特的选举方式，但制度本身带来的矛盾却始终无法有效解决。得票率与议席率失衡、死票增加、重复候选现象严重，选民利益被忽视，党派力量发展不均等问题都亟待解决。对于日本来说，选举制度改革之路还很漫长。