型特异性沉淀素血清检验人唾液斑精斑ABO血型的研究与应用

本文介绍了利用型特异性沉淀素血清环状沉淀法检验人唾液斑、精液斑ABO血型的方法与实验结果,并与中和试验及解离试验进行了比较。实验结果表明,本法操作简便,对多种干扰条件下的唾液斑、精斑均具有高度的型特异性,并能从分泌液与血液的混合斑中准确地鉴别出分泌液的血型。本法仅需0.4cm的分泌斑纱线即可进行血型鉴定,其灵敏度高于中和试验而略低于热解离试验,并能有效地检出陈旧分泌液斑中的型物质,因此适于在实际检案中应用。     

用浓缩唾液制备抗A、抗B血清的吸收精制方法

<正> 用浓缩1/2容量的ASe和BSe人唾液,采用多用途、多部位,并逐渐增大剂量的方法免疫大耳白兔,每4次为一个免疫程,可制备出1024倍以上的抗A、抗B血清.但所得抗血清除有抗A、抗B凝集素外,还含有大量与各型红细胞发生凝集的非特异性凝集素.经反复试验,先用人血粉吸收,然后用少量唾液吸收,可以除去非特异性凝集素,制备出特异性好的抗A、抗B血清,具体方法如下.     

用人血清-唾液-初乳斑痕吸收免疫抗血清制备特异性抗人精液血清

本研究采用人血清-唾液-初乳混合液斑痕吸收抗人精液免疫血清,以消除抗血清的外器官特异性交叉反应。吸收后的抗人精液血清,仅和人精液及附睾和前列腺组织提取液发生反应,和人血清、唾液、初乳、阴道分泌液及尿液等5种人类体液分泌液及22种人体组织浸取液无交叉免疫反应;和8种动物精液也无交叉反应,具有良好的器官及种属特异性。获得的抗血清清亮透明,效价高。血清吸收方法简便易行,成本低,易于普及推广。     

单克隆抗A、抗B、抗H指示红细胞的研制及应用

<正> 本文报道根据反向间接血凝(RPHA)原理,用单克隆抗A、抗B、抗H抗体分别在合适的pH值醋酸盐缓冲液中,致敏醛化人“O”型红细胞,制得单克隆抗A、抗B、抗H指示红细胞。用来检验人体液斑的ABH血型物质。单克隆抗A、抗B、抗H指示红细胞对相应分泌型人唾液的凝集效价为8192倍、4096倍     

抗Le~a和抗Le~b血清的研制

利用进口抗Le~a、Le~b血清筛选OLe(a+b-)和OLe(a-b+)型人,测定其唾液中Le~a和Le~b型物质含量,择其型物质含量高者唾液,用家兔和山羊免疫,合格后采全血,分离血清,用O、A、B型红细胞吸收、除去种属及α和β等凝集素。再用O型Le非相应型红细胞吸收,精制出含不完全抗体的抗Le~a和抗Le~b血清。该血清对Le相应型红细胞均产生明显凝集反应,而不发生非特异的交叉凝集反应。经过盲测鉴定,17份红细胞的Lewis型测定完全准确。制备的抗Le~a和抗Le~b血清在效价和特异性方面达到了引进的同种血清水平,填补了我国抗Le~a、抗Le~b血清制造的空白。     

特异性抗人白蛋白血清制备

用乙基乙酰胺修饰的人血清白蛋白吸收免抗人白蛋白血清,可制威特异性极高的抗人白蛋白血清。用该血清和三氯化铬、人血清白蛋白包被的O型红细胞作指示细胞,做凝集抑制试验,能区别人血(斑)和包括灵长类在内的各种动物血(斑)。     

用单克隆抗体进行混合斑ABO血型的研究

本文用TNE缓冲液浸泡提取混合斑中的精子和阴道上皮细胞,用高效价单克隆抗A、抗B血清进行吸附,加入含2.5％鸡白蛋白的红细胞指示悬液进行红细胞粘连试验。结果,精子和阴道上皮细胞能与相应的红细胞粘连,可同时判定混合斑中精子和阴道上皮细胞的血型。     

抗人精液血清特异性的研究

确证精斑常用抗人精液血清作沉淀反应。这种抗血清特异性差,常与人类某些体液发生交叉反应,以致精斑确证试验结果不可靠,影响鉴定结果的准确性。作者用人类精子、精浆、精液与人类精浆特异性抗原p30分别免疫家兔,制备各种抗血清,用环状沉淀、琼脂双向扩散及免疫电泳等技术对这些抗血清的特异性进行了研究,报道如下。     

制备抗人精液特异蛋白P30血清的研究

作者以精浆特异蛋白P30为抗原免疫新西兰白兔、豚鼠和鸡三种实验动物,制备了抗P30血清。用双向琼脂扩散法检测兔和豚鼠的抗 P30血清,其特异性和敏感性均达到目前国外同类产品的水平。抗 P30血清与阴道分泌物,血清、唾液、尿液、初乳以及羊精液、鸡精液均不出现交叉反应。用抗 P30血清检测混合的人精浆,其抗原效价为1:160;P30含量可测到12.5ug/ml。在三种动物的抗血清中,豚鼠抗 P30血清的抗体效价最高。以不同浓度的 P30测豚鼠、兔和鸡抗 P30血清抗体效价豚鼠平均滴度可达52.50,兔次之,鸡的抗 P30血清最差。经作者制备的抗 P30血清可用来确证精液。     

抗人精浆特异蛋白血清的制备与纯化

本文报导检验混合斑中精斑ABO 血型所用抗人精浆特异蛋白(anti-human seminal peculiarprotein,ASPP)血清的制备及用溴化氢活化琼脂糖4B 为载体的亲和层析纯化抗血清方法,并指出纯化时的最佳条件。该血清可准确地分离混合斑中精斑的ABO 血型。     

酶促试纸条测定唾液中乙醇含量的研究

生化酶促反应使试纸与含有乙醇的液体接触后显色,根据颜色的不同确定被测液体中的乙醇含量,依此研制出酶促试纸条。通过志愿者实验,同时收集血液和唾液, 比较酶促试纸条测定唾液中乙醇含量与顶空气相色谱检测血醇和唾醇的结果。考察酶促试纸条的影响因素。通过提高缓冲液浓度至0.6mol/L和减少乙醇氧化酶的量改进酶促试纸条,使相同乙醇浓度的酸碱两种唾液间的差异显著缩小。所研制的酶促试纸条具有成本低、操作简便、快速的优点。     

唾液中乙醇含量检测试剂条的研究

目的根据唾液和血液中乙醇含量相关性的实验结果,建立了一种简便快速、准确可靠的检测唾液中乙醇含量的方法。方法本方法利用酶学原理,将一定量乙醇氧化酶(ALO)和过氧化物酶以及底物四甲基联苯胺(TMB)固定于试剂条上,当样本中含有乙醇时,酶学反应使底物TMB显色,通过比对反应的不同颜色,对样本中乙醇质量浓度进行半定量。结果用本方法检测300个自愿者的唾液,和用GC/MS法对照检测志愿者唾液中的乙醇含量,定量结果基本一致。本产品检测过程仅需2min,其检测的阈值为0.1mg/mL,敏感度为96.5%,特异性为91%,准确性为94.7%。结论采用酶学方法制备的乙醇含量检测试剂条,通过显色反应对唾液中的乙醇含量进行半定量检测,其特点为快速简便、准确可靠,适合现场使用。     

False‐Positive Results with Amylase Testing of Citrus Fruits

In a case of robbery in which the criminals passed through the garden adorned with calamondin trees (Citrus madurensis), the investigators found in the grass six calamondin fruits, some undamaged, while others apparently bitten. The fruits were collected and sent to the laboratory for DNA analysis to verify the presence of saliva and robbers' DNA profile. A specific immunochromatographic strip test for saliva confirmed the presence of human salivary α‐amylase, but similar positive results were also observed for intact calamondin and other citrus fruits. Further analysis with a specific automated amylase test confirmed the absence of amylase activity. DNA quantification and typing using a specific forensic kit revealed no human DNA presence in any fruits. This case report demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of false positives when human saliva is sought on citrus fruits.     

Applicability of two commercially available kits for forensic identification of saliva stains

The RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test are two recently developed forensic saliva detection kits. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and the specificity of the two test kits with the Phadebas amylase test by analyzing amylases from various sources including human, animals, plants, and micro-organism. The data demonstrate that the RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test offer higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of saliva than the Phadebas amylase test. The detection limits of the RSID-saliva test, the SALIgAE-saliva test, and the Phadebas amylase test equate to 10, 4, and 1000 nL, respectively for human saliva. The RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test were further evaluated by analyzing semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk, blood, urine, sweat, and feces. The results of the two tests are in good agreement. The two tests reacted with urine, breast milk, and feces, but not with semen, vaginal secretion, blood, and sweat.     

Detection and use of salivary hemagglutinins for forensic blood grouping

A sensitive method for the detection of anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins in fresh saliva has been developed. The method utilizes a bromelin treated erythrocyte suspension as indicator cells and includes a simple procedure to concentrate these hemagglutinins. Antiserum directed against immunoglobulin A enhances the hemagglutination assay. We find that these salivary hemagglutinins are present in over 90% of the population and that their titer remains stable over a period of two months. These hemagglutinins can be used to blood type the donor of a saliva sample and can be used in a confirmatory test that complements the commonly used absorption-inhibition test which is used to detect salivary blood group agglutinogens. In preliminary studies we have determined that hemagglutinins can be successfully isolated and analyzed from dried saliva stains.     

Comparison of Catalytic and Immunological Amylase Tests for Identifying of Saliva from Degraded Samples

The stability of salivary α‐amylase is a critical factor in both catalytic and immunological method‐based forensic saliva identification. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of catalytic and immunological tests on degraded saliva samples. Degraded saliva stains were prepared by microbial decomposition using humid soil. Salivary α‐amylase activity was catalytically detected both qualitatively and quantitatively using the Phadebas^® amylase test. As immunological methods, we conducted qualitative and quantitative tests using the RSID?‐saliva test and ELISA, respectively. Salivary α‐amylase activity of degraded samples (incubated at 37°C for 12 h) was significantly lower than that of controls in the quantitative tests. All the degraded samples obtained by the humid soil produced negative results in the Phadebas^® tests, but showed positive results in the RSID?‐saliva test and ELISA. These results suggest that immunological tests are effective for testing degraded saliva samples that have lost their enzymatic activity.     

Alpha-amylase kinetic test in bodily single and mixed stains

Recently, in Italy, a murder and a putative sexual violence was accomplished on a child. A bodily fluids mixture on the child's underwear between the victim (female) and the suspect (male) was ascertained by short tandem repeat (STR) DNA typing and, due to the absence of seminal fluid, saliva from the suspect and urine from the child was hypothesized. In order to investigate the possibility of specifically and rapidly detecting saliva stains both alone and mixed with other bodily fluids, we used a quantitative spectrophotometric technique, named Amylase test, for the detection of alpha-amylases. We determined alpha-amylase activity and reaction kinetic curves in several samples collected from the child's underwear. In order to confirm our intuition, we first tested saliva, perspiration, and urine, singularly and in mixtures; second, several forensic stains including saliva, perspiration, urine stains, saliva/perspiration, and saliva/urine mixture stains were tested. Evaluating alpha-amylase activity values and time-course curves' behavior of alpha-amylase reactions we were able to recognize successfully, in all cases, the presence of saliva and to distinguish it specifically from other bodily fluids containing alpha-amylase. A further confirmation of our result was provided by STR DNA typing on several areas of the underwear: a clear correlation between alpha-amylases activity and male DNA was detected on all the samples evaluated.     

The sensitivity and specificity of red-starch paper for the detection of saliva.

The detection of saliva in forensic casework is extremely important in many types of cases. This study describes a relatively sensitive method, based on a red dye bound to starch, for the detection of amylase. The sensitivity and specificity of the method has been examined by testing over 50 household products, various body fluids and five laboratory chemicals. This study demonstrated for the first time that positive results can be obtained from certain washing powders as well as other household products. As well as detecting amylase in saliva, positive Red-Starch results were obtained from faeces and urine. The method was found to be suitable for the detection of mixtures of saliva and semen in conjunction with the Brentamine test for the detection of acid phosphatase.     

Evaluation of amylase testing as a tool for saliva screening of crime scene trace swabs

Amylase testing has been used as a presumptive test for crime scene saliva for over three decades, mainly to locate saliva stains on surfaces. We have developed a saliva screening application for crime scene trace swabs, utilising an amylase sensitive paper (Phadebas^® Forensic Press test). Positive results were obtained for all tested dried saliva stains (0.5–32 μL) with high or intermediate amylase activity (840 and 290 kU/L). Results were typically obtained within 5 min, and all samples that produced DNA profiles were positive. However, salivary amylase activities, as well as DNA concentrations, vary significantly between individuals. We show that there is no correlation between amylase activity and amount of DNA in fresh saliva. Even so, a positive amylase result indicates presence of saliva, and thereby presence of DNA. Amylase testing may be useful for screening in investigations where the number of DNA analyses is limited due to cost, e.g., in volume crime.     

The detection of gamma globulin and Inv-factors in semen and saliva and of haptoglobins in semen (author's transl)]

Gm- 1-, 2-, and Inv 1-factors can be demonstrated in semen and saliva. For the examination of traces it is necessary to verify the suitable dilutions for the different charges of antisera and to test the eluates of the samples if they have a sufficient concentration. We observed some incorrect negative results in seminal and saliva stains which were apparently caused by insufficient material. The demonstration was independent of the secretor type. Haptoglobin could not be determined in semen and saliva.