SURRENDER OF JUDGMENT AND THE CONSENT THEORY OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY

The aim of this paper is to take the first steps toward providing a refurbished consent theory of political authority, one that rests in part on a reconception of the relationship between the surrender of judgment and the authoritativeness of political institutions. On the standard view, whatever grounds political authority implies that one ought to surrender one's judgment to that of one's political institutions. On the refurbished view, it is the surrender of one's judgment – which can plausibly be considered a form of consent – that makes political institutions practically authoritative.     

中国农村法律权威重建的思考

主要通过农村中出现的一些实际事例,说明中国农村中现存的一些主要问题。然后通过对中国农村治理模式的回溯以及其同现今治理模式的比较,指出现在农村这些问题出现的根本原因是传统的以士绅阶层组织的宗族势力为载体的伦理道德权威的消逝和计划经济时代国家直接干预的以人民公社为载体的国家政治权威的离场造成的农村权威的缺失。我们需要重建权威,但在现代国家的宪政和法治理念下,我们能够建立也必须建立的新的权威只能是法律权威。而这种法律权威的重建,在现在的农村不仅是必要的而且是可能的,我们可以通过一系列的制度建设来实现这种权威。     

西欧中世纪社会契约论的发展与繁荣——以自然权利论为视角

西欧中世纪，社会契约论从人类社会关系论发展到政治权威基础论，将现代社会和现代国家理解为唯意志论的产物，即享有自然权利的理性人的立宪合意，因而成为解释社会与政治权威起源的著名理论假说。但是，社会契约论必须以自然法、自然权利论为基础，只有基于权利天赋同时不可让渡之逻辑，统治权才能在根本上属于人民，人民才有权缔结宪法契约并监督公共权力的运作。     

Narrative,Rhetorical Argument,and Ethical Authority

The great challenge of rhetorical argument is to make discourse ethical without making it less logical. This challenge is of central importance throughout the full range of practical argument, and understanding the relation of the ethical to the logical is one of the principal contributions the humanities, in this case the study of rhetoric, can make to legal scholarship. Aristotle’s Rhetoric shows how arguments can be ethical and can create ethical relations between speaker and hearer. I intend to apply Aristotle’s analysis to a phenomenon that did not yet exist for him, that of authority, by asking how the acts of asserting and accepting authority can be ethical acts. I take as a test case a peculiarly unfortunate and inept appeal to authority, that offered by the counsel for the District of Columbia in arguing Bolling v Sharp who cited Taney’s opinion in Dred Scott to clinch his point. By seeing just what goes wrong in such a maladroit appeal, I explore the rational, voluntary and ethical dimensions of a decision to accept a given commitment to authority. I use Joseph Raz’s analysis of authority and the relation of reason to authority, yet think I go beyond Raz by exploring the deliberate and voluntary nature of submission to authority. Choosing to be bound by an authority is an ethical act. As such it is always rational and yet never purely rational. The Supreme Court’s choice of authorities is part of its making itself into an authority, and is a paradigm of the ethical act of choosing to be obligated. Choosing to be committed or obligated is a central paradox of political theory and considerations of authority and obligation, at least since early social contract theorists. However, its importance for judicial reasoning, which at the same time chooses to submit to authority and itself becomes an authority, has not been noted. Consideration of the relations between the ethical and the logical can help us better to articulate the constitution of ethical authority. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enforcing the Law and Being a State

Many anarchists believe that a stateless society could and should feature laws. It might appear that, in so believing, they are caught in a contradiction. The anarchist objects to the state because its authority does not rest on actual consent, and using force to secure compliance with law in a stateless society seems objectionable for the same reason. Some people in a stateless society will have consented to some laws or law-generating mechanisms and some to others – while some will have consented to none. Someone’s obedience to a legal requirement could be justly enforceable absent the state, nonetheless, given either her actual consent to the requirement or to a mechanism responsible for generating it or the coextensiveness of the legal requirement with a moral requirement. And it could thus be just on the anarchist’s own terms to enforce a narrow range of positive legal requirements even against outlaws who had declined to consent to them.     

法律权威如何形成——卢梭法律观的启示

“法律是人民意志的记录”是卢梭提出的关于法律的一个重要命题,从此,法律权威建立在人民意志的基础上,使法律获得了不同以往的新的权威。正确理解卢梭该命题对我们今天树立法律权威有重要意义。     

司法确定力的形成逻辑

司法确定力是与法院的宪法地位密切相关的,宪法对法院的独立地位以及解决纠纷、救济权利和发展法律的功能定位,是司法确定力的权威渊源;司法确定力来自于司法的管辖权威,法院在法律规定的范围内、在自己的能力范围内受理案件,运用法律知识、司法理性和司法经验,按照司法规律对案件事实和法律适用问题进行权威判断,为司法确定力提供了前提;司法确定力源于司法的整合权威,法院在审理案件过程中,通过对立法时的民意与法律适用时的民意、普遍正义与个别正义、法律正义与社会正义的有机结合建构了司法的整合权威,为司法确定力提供坚实的基础;司法确定力依赖于裁判的执行权威,当事人自觉履行生效判决的文化意识和国家强制执行生效判决的权威能量为司法确定力提供坚强的保障。     

宪法至上与权威合法化

权威是保证国家政治忠诚、维持稳定的重要元素,它需要合法化支撑。合法化与合法性不同。合法性涉及规范和评价,合法化是一个过程。法治国家权威是形式宪法与实质宪法的结合体,其合法化条件包括社会力量和利益冲突、力量对比、工具意义上的宪法。宪法权威合法化的生成除修改宪法之外,尚需积累进化理性形成宪法惯例及发展宪法解释,以促进政治忠诚与自主性的结合,保持社会发展的活力。     

Social entrepreneurs as change agents: a case study on power and authority in the water sector

In view of urgent social and environmental problems, it is important to understand the political dynamics that may promote sustainable development and to identify the agents that make changes in this direction happen. We examine the role and authority of a new type of actor that has recently emerged on the global stage—the social entrepreneur, who tackles social and ecological problems with entrepreneurial means. We consider them as agents that perform functions and provide services that have been considered to be the sole authority of states. For instance, the provision of water services has long been considered an exclusive task of the state. The water sector therefore serves as a good example to explore how these agents come up with their own missions and political agendas. Via an illustrative sample of social entrepreneurs from around the world, we explore their relation to water governance in general and the hydraulic mission in particular. We propose that their innovative potential serves as their main source of authority. Their local embeddedness along with their educational efforts, participatory goals, and accreditation as “social entrepreneur” provide additional sources of authority.     

论黑社会性质组织犯罪附加刑之完善——以“反黑”司法实践为视角

以“反黑”司法实践为视角，黑社会性质组织犯罪有其自身的特性及发展规律。针对出现的黑社会性质组织篡夺基层政权和自治组织的案件，应对其产生原因进行分析，并提出完善黑社会性质组织犯罪附加刑之法律对策。     

Work/Family Policy in France: From State Familialism to State Feminism?

When one looks at the policies that target the relationshipbetween work and family (here labelled ‘work/family policies’),contradictory views come from France. On the one hand, the staterecognition of family interests is very strong, and was initiallyrooted in familialism, an ideology that promotes the familyas an institution, and has often played against women’srights. On the other hand, women’s – and especiallymothers’ – labour force participation has alwaysbeen relatively high compared to other western countries. Toaccount for this ‘French paradox’, this paper putswork/family policies into historical perspective, in order toanalyse them as a mix of policies coming from various publicpolicy institutions (work, education, family). While state familialismhas always been strong in France, it has been challenged andshattered by several social and political trends since the 1960s.Among these is the development of ‘state feminism’,with the creation of governmental bodies endowed with the formalmission of furthering women’s rights. Based on an empiricalstudy of these institutions, this paper shows how they reframedwork/family policy in terms of a policy of equality in employment.     

The Issue of Ethics and Authority for Licensed Mental Health Professionals Involved in Parenting Coordination

We examine the ethics of licensed mental health professionals accepting the authority inherent in binding arbitration when acting as parenting coordinators (PCs). PCs execute their duties under the umbrella of their professional identity and standards of practice. Fundamental differences exist in how the law and the behavioral sciences conceive human behavior and authority, in particular, authority by role and authority by status. Ethical concerns arise when licensed mental health professionals accept the authority to render binding judgments and ask clients to surrender their autonomy through informed consent. We offer recommendations for PCs to avoid these ethical complications.     

经济市场化与执政党的转型

经济市场化事实上最先将力作用于执政党。执政党主动地推进经济市场化进程，然后又被动地接受市场化的挑战，进而其只能主动实现自身的转型：执政权威由克里斯玛型向法理型转型、执政体制由全能政府体制向有限政府体制转型、执政方式由集权人治型向分权法治型转型。这些方面的转型从客观上推动了政治民主化进程。     

Addressing Gaps in the Maturity of Judgment Literature: Age Differences and Delinquency

Over the past decade, a majority of states have legislated to expand their capacity to try adolescents as adults [Griffin (2003). Trying and sentencing juveniles as adults: An analysis of state transfer and blended sentencing laws. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice]. In response, researchers have investigated factors that may affect adolescent culpability [Steinberg and Scott (Am Psychol 58(12):1009–1018, 2003)]. Research on immature judgment posits that psychosocial influences on adolescent decision processes results in reduced criminal responsibility [Cauffman and Steinberg (Behav Sci Law 18(6):741–760, 2000); Scott, Reppucci, and Woolard (Law Hum Behav 19(3):221–244, 1995); Steinberg and Cauffman (Law Hum Behav 20(3):249–272, 1996)]. The current study utilizes hypothetical vignettes and standardized measures of maturity of judgment (responsibility, temperance, and perspective) to examine gaps in previous maturity of judgment findings (Cauffman and Steinberg 2000). This work suggests that adolescents (ages 14–17) display less responsibility and perspective relative to college students (ages 18–21), young-adults (ages 22–27), and adults (ages 28–40). Further, this research finds no maturity of judgment differences between delinquent and non-delinquent youth, but does find significant maturity of judgment differences between high and low delinquency male youth. Finally, results show that maturity of judgment predicts self-reported delinquency beyond the contributions of age, gender, race, education level, SES, and antisocial decision making. Implications for the juvenile justice system are discussed. This research was conducted in partial fulfillment of the M.A degree in Psychology from the University of New Hampshire.     

刑事既判力理论及其中国化

欧陆的刑事既判力理论源于罗马法,指刑事既决事由所创设的稳定诉讼状态,包括既决事项的实质确定力和程序结果的自缚力。刑事既判力旨在解决刑事判决生效后既决事由的效力范围及程序安定性等问题。程序安定、诉讼经济及权利保障是其理论基础。在效力类型上,终局判决的既判力可分为肯定效力与否定效力、相对效力与绝对效力以及主观效力与客观效力。免诉裁决虽不构成严格意义上的刑事终局判决,但亦经过较严格的证明程序,具有"类"既判力。刑事既判力阻却制度奉行"禁止不利于被告的变更"原则,严格限制非常上诉与再审程序的启动。中国刑事诉讼长期缺乏程序安定的理念,再审程序的启动具有极大的随机性和任意性,应引入既判力理论,以维护判决的权威性及程序的安定性。     

Coordination Cannot Establish Political Authority

One of the most common arguments in favour of the state's authority is that without the coordinating hand of political institutions, we could not achieve important moral benefits. I argue that if we understand authority correctly, then coordination cannot even in principle establish that coordinators have political authority.     

司法权威的文化建构机理

作为一种文化现象，司法权威取决于人们对司法主体的文化定位、司法过程的文化认同和司法结果的文化支持。司法主体权威的内：函、能量和界限取决于司法角色的文化定位、司法功能的文化期待和司法管辖范围的文化选择；司法活动是寻找事实和寻求法律的文化认识、文化评价和文化选择的过程，其权威根源于文化认同，来自于文化共识，立基于文化解释。司法裁判的权威深受人们诉讼观念的影响，尊重司法结果的文化意识是司法权威确立的前提，认同司法结果的文化取向是司法权威的基础，支持司法最终解决的文化理念是司法权威的支撑。只有给法官能够独立思考和判断的空间，只要对司法机关作出的事实判断、法律解释、司法立法给予足够的尊重、理解和支持，法官才能摆脱外在的各种压力，真正走向自治和自强，从而不断地提升司法的权威性。     

宪法的生命与权威———以规范与现实的逻辑关系为视角

影响宪法权威的因素有宪法规范上的原因、司法援引上的原因以及对宪法规范的实施所秉持的态度等，其中宪法规范的稳定性对于宪法权威的影响需要我们掌握正确的宪法稳定的认定标准，这对于维护宪法权威是至关重要的。另外，宪法的权威真正体现在社会生活之中，如何使宪法成为一个活的宪法，使宪法进入司法领域成为裁判的依据，发挥宪法作为法所具有的惩戒性、强制性的功能需要我们既要对现有的制度进行适当的完善，又要切实地落实现有的宪法规范所具有的制度意义。     

我国《合同法》第四十九条的解释论

《合同法》第49条规定的表见代理,在构成要件上虽然无须被代理人存在过失,但须有被代理人的行为与代理权的外观假象之间存在关联性,同时该条规定的“相对人有理由相信”是指相对人善意且无过失。代理权的外观假象既可以是被代理人的积极行为引发,也可以是消极行为引发。表见代理的法律效果是“该代理行为对第三人有效”,被代理人不得主动主张该代理行为的效力。