后民法典时代商法独立性的理论证成及其在中国的实现

独立商法的出现既是社会经济发展到一定阶段的必然产物,同时也是各种主客观因素综合作用的结果.商法制度并非完全脱胎于民法,而是有其独立的发展路径.商法一经出现即对社会经济发展、社会结构变化、社会道德观念更新产生了深刻影响.从其历史演变来看,几乎所有文明国家都曾受到商法制度和商法精神的熏陶,对商法的重视程度也与一国社会经济的...     

从应然权利到实然权利:文化权利的著作权法保障机制研究

文化参与、文化分享与文化创新成果利益保护,是国际公约和我国宪法保护的应然文化权利.在文化权利从应然权利到实然权利的保障机制中,著作权法通过调整文化创新成果的创作、传播与利用关系,不仅使文化成果收益权经由著作权保护而得到切实保障,而且通过著作权保护条件、范围等制度设计,为公众文化参与、文化分享权利提供资源保障与行为指引,从而使宪法上应然的文化权利得到具体的部门法保障.著作权法对文化权利的保障机制主要体现在以下方面:其激励作品创作与传播的功能、机制,为个人文化参与和文化分享权利的实现提供内容保障;其作品市场化传播的利益实现机制,为公众文化知识的接触、分享和利用提供现实可能;其合理使用等著作权限制制度,为公众可以自由利用的文化空间提供保障;著作权法对作者和其他著作权人就其作品著作权充分而有效的保护,是公众文化收益权的直接保障机制,是著作权法促进文化权利实现的关键.     

The Denigration of Rights and the Persistence of Rights Talk: A Cultural Portrait

The following two themes emerge in an investigation of legal culture in the United States: (1) a denigration of rights and yet (2) a persistent notion that rights are important and should be salvaged. The discourse of rights continues to act as an important frame of reference throughout legal culture. The open-ended nature of rights discourse plus the powerful cultural resonance of rights encourage the use of rights talk to frame issues even when the framers are severely critical of the use of rights. Even if many people agree, however, there are reasons to assess this consensus negatively.     

美国知识产权法典化考察与镜鉴

美国知识产权基本制度经历了由州法向联邦法、由判例法向成文法演进的历史进程,并且最终呈现出有限法典化特征和二元复合结构。美国知识产权基本制度的演进轨迹和制度现状,显示出形式主义和实用工具主义法律观念切换交融的基本脉络。在“后民法典”时代的中国知识产权法典化进程中,可向美国吸收两方面经验。第一,法典化运动是建立和完善知识产权公私法律保护机制的重要路径。第二,形式主义法律观念应当同实用工具主义法律观念彼此对观和相互借鉴。作为形式主义法律观念的产物,知识产权法典化的进程应当坚持价值统一和形式多元的综合模式。     

侵犯公民个人信息罪的法益重构:从私法权利回归公法权利

侵犯公民个人信息罪的法益不是私法上的个人信息自决权.个人信息不等于个人私有信息,个人对其信息并不具有完全的排他性支配权.侵犯公民个人信息罪的法益观应该从私法角度转向公法角度,刑法保护个人信息的目的不是确权,而是规避风险.公法上的个人信息受保护权既不是私法上的个人信息自决权,也不是超个人的信息公共安全.个人信息按照其私密性高低,分别属于三个不同领域,即最核心层的隐私领域、中间层的私人领域、最外层的社会领域.个人信息所属的不同领域直接影响到本罪构成要件符合性的判断.个人同意并不是本罪违法性判断的决定性因素,获得个人同意的行为当然不应该构成犯罪,但未获得个人同意的行为也可能不构成犯罪.     

The Criminalization of Aliens: Regulating Foreigners

Intergroup contact and conflict is inevitable in the context of global economic competition and geopolitical interests. Immigrant and migratory groups have particularly been subjected to unequal treatment by members of dominant host groups, generally as a means of promoting and protecting their own economic and political interests. Immigrants often serve as a dependent and secondary labor force, useful within fluctuating cycles of labor shortage, economic crises, and economic prosperity. Likewise, criminalization is one tool that perpetuates notions of “otherness,” which in turn maintains immigrant minorities as a secondary labor force; and justifies penal punishment of them. For instance, in the United States, Chicanos and Mexican immigrants have been exploited as secondary labor, and have also been more likely than many other groups to be swept up in the Criminal Justice System. Drawing on neo-Marxist perspectives and postcolonial notions of “otherness”, this paper examines the relationship between incarceration of foreigners and economic conditions, economic threat, population change, and otherness. As hypothesized, country level data suggests that factors such as a free market economy, population change, economic competition, and a concentration of immigrants in the population are related to the level of imprisonment of foreigners. Implications for further research are also discussed.     

New Malaise: Bioethics and Human Rights in the Global Era

Recent transnational HIV research projects have raised questions about the ethics of research in developing countries, and with good reason. Lower ethical standards are often applied in these settings, yet the field of bioethics has remained relatively quiet on the subject, concerning itself primarily with issues that only affect affluent countries. Here we call for a new focus on equity and human rights in bioethics.     

Human Rights Trials in an Era of Democratic Stagnation: The Case of Turkey

Domestic human rights trials are often conceptualized within the context of transition toward democracy. Yet, a recent cascade of trials in Turkey defies this argument. Between 2008 and 2015, Turkish courts oversaw fifteen trials examining individual criminal accountability for human rights violations carried out by the Turkish military during the conflict with the PKK in the 1990s. The cascade of trials has emerged and remained ongoing while the Turkish regime has become steadily more authoritarian. This article explains the emergence of these trials by the redistribution of power among elite actors, which created a window of opportunity allowing for ongoing legal mobilization to result in prosecutions. Drawing on original data from interviews conducted in Turkey between 2014–2015, this study demonstrates the importance of power redistribution for human rights during periods of democratic stagnation, while emphasizing the ability of trials to contribute to the contestation of hegemonic narratives.     

Accommodating Children's Rights in a Post Human Rights Act Era

This article considers why so little case law currently acknowledges that children have recognisable rights under the European Convention on Human Rights and argues that the family courts are not meeting the demands of the Human Rights Act 1998 in this regard. It suggests that a reinterpretation of the 'paramountcy principle' in the Children Act 1989 should be accompanied by a radically different judicial approach to evidence relating to children's best interests. The article considers the difficulties that such an approach might produce when applied to teenagers intent on refusing life-saving medical treatment. It further argues that the courts should call on the substantial body of rights jurisprudence to provide legal and moral support for this revised approach.     

Cultural Minority Rights and the Rights of the Majority in the Liberal State

Traditional liberalism's blindness to cultural concerns has often come under fire, while so-called “liberal multiculturalism” (Taylor and Kymlicka) has made it its business to take a good look at the place of culture within liberal law. According to them, cultural minorities should be recognized. In my opinion, however, their proposals, in fact, almost entirely preclude the possibility that cultural minorities would receive recognition within liberal society. In what follows, I explain my view of these matters and, above all, argue for a more vital understanding of cultural minorities. This will entail presenting a comprehensive view of minority rights within liberal society.     

文化多样性的主权、人权与私权分析

文化传统保护与文化发展选择是国家文化主权的基本内容;保护文化多样性的权利和自由属于基本人权的范畴;知识产权对文化创造参与者的支持和激励具有重要意义。《文化多样性公约》以主权和人权作为文化多样性保护的基本举措,并以对艺术家的知识产权保护作为补充措施,由此构建了一个保护文化多样性的多元权利形态。     

The Idiom of Legalism in Bar Politics: Lawyers, McCarthyism, and the Civil Rights Era

This paper considers the political role of the organized bar from three perspectives: the historical question of the stance taken by bar associations during the major civil rights debates of the post-World War II period; the sociological question of the extent to which legal associations can act collectively on highly contentious political issues; and the legal question concerning the implications of legal formalism for the politics of the bar. Contrary to the belief that legalism is an inherently conservative means of justifying professional inaction on fundamental issues, the paper argues that in fact legalism may well be the most important basis of intra-professional consensus on those issues as well as the most powerful means by which the profession can influence state and national governments. Legalism can be understood as a common professional idiom which allows mobilization on divisive issues. It can be used in support of both liberal and conservative causes. In this sense, within certain limits, legalism is neutral–an expedient which enables the profession to act politically in circumstances which otherwise would effectively immobilize its collegial associations.     

论文化权利的宪法保护

公民的文化权利与公民所享有的政治、经济和社会权利一样,都是公民作为国家和社会主人翁所必须享有的法律利益。我国是社会主义国家,保护公民权利是社会主义事业一贯的宗旨。从宪法角度来保障公民的文化权利,最主要的是应当加强相关的制度建设。应当在宪法文本中明确文化权利的基本权利宪法地位,明确国家和政府在保障文化权利方面应当承担的职责或义务,加强对文化权利的平等性的保护以及应当制定文化基本法律,来保障文化权利的实现真正做到有法可依。     

从事实到规范:犯罪化立法原则层次论

作为犯罪化立法原则,英美法系的危害原则和大陆法系的法益侵害说与我国的社会危害性理论在内涵、地位、功能上具有同质性。单一的犯罪化立法原则缺乏足够的适用性,多元的犯罪化原则缺乏一条主线贯穿其中。我国犯罪化立法原则体系的构建应当以犯罪的概念为基础,将社会危害性作为犯罪化的逻辑起点,应受刑罚惩罚性作为犯罪化的应然补充,但应受刑罚惩罚性自身有循环定义之嫌,可以从刑罚的必要性、有效性、经济性对其做进一步的说明,刑事法定性作为犯罪化的最终归宿。如此沿着从事实到规范层层递进的思维路径,方能合理划定刑法的界限。     

犯罪化基准论纲

犯罪化包括刑事立法上的犯罪化和刑事司法上的犯罪化。立法上的犯罪化是解决前实定法上的实质犯罪的犯罪化问题,司法上的犯罪化是实现实定法上的形式犯罪的犯罪化问题。立法上的犯罪化基准其根据是行为具有应受刑罚处罚程度的社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合理性原则;司法上的犯罪化基准其根据是刑事违法性和社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合法性原则。     

诉讼欺诈的犯罪化

目前对诉讼欺诈的刑法规制出现法律上的非犯罪化与事实上的犯罪化并存之状况,不利于司法实践。诉讼欺诈犯罪化有其合理性、正当性,诉讼欺诈应适度犯罪化。