医事法论纲

鉴于医事法律立法的迟滞和理论研究的欠缺 ,应开辟独立的医事法研究领域。医事法具有三个特点 :( 1)缺乏完整的医事法典 ;( 2 )主要内容包括医事主体法、医事行为法 (含医事程序法 )和医事社会法三个方面 ;( 3 )医事法律关系中双方主体权利义务的不完全对等。医事法还具有三条基本原则 ,即先导义务原则 ;最少损害原则 ;生命伦理原则。     

Enforcing ethics in social work

The attention paid by the social work profession to ethical issues has waxed and waned since the formal inauguration of the profession in the late 19th century. For the first half century of the profession's life, relatively little attention was devoted to problems of professional ethics, though social work's literature was filled with discussions of value-laden issues that arise in practice. In recent years, interest in professional ethics has increased substantially. This article discusses the growth of interest in professional ethics, the formulation of the social work code of ethics, the adjudication of grievances in social work, and the strengths and limitations of the profession's code.     

医德重建：传统医德危机及其解决途径探析

目前,我国面临的医德危机是非常严重的。如何解决这一危机就成了一个不容回避的重大课题,不少学者提出要用传统医德来规范医务人员,并以此作为解决该危机的良方。然而,这种以人格伦理为特质的传统医德尽管有其一定的合理性,但其在实践中的有效性却受到了人们的质疑。本文试图从传统医德自身的局限性、医务人员利益意识的觉醒以及因社会失范而导致的越轨三个方面来分析我国医德危机产生的根源,并为此提出了三条对策。     

Ethics in hospital and health administration

Until recently, hospital and health administrators had no formal code of ethics, despite growing ethical dilemmas within the field. This essay defines those ethical issues as set forth in the 1941 Joint ACHA-American Hospital Association Committee's code of ethics. The present ACHA Ethics Committee is also described.     

医学生公民意识与医德认知状况调查报告简

医德教育是医学教育的重要组成部分,在我国公民社会积极发育的大背景下,传统医德教育面临现代转型的课题。通过对医学生公民意识、医德及医患关系认知状况的调查,对医学院校医德教育进行评估,初步提出实现公民教育与医德教育有机契合,建构医德教育新模式的建议。     

Teaching medical ethics and law

The teaching of medical ethics is not yet characterised by recognised, standard requirements for formal qualifications, training and experience; this is not surprising as the field is still relatively young and maturing. Under the broad issue of the requirements for teaching medical ethics are numerous more specific questions, one of which concerns whether medical ethics can be taught in isolation from considerations of the law, and vice versa. Ethics and law are cognate, though distinguishable, disciplines. In a practical, professional enterprise such as medicine, they cannot and should not be taught as separate subjects. One way of introducing students to the links and tensions between medical ethics and law is to consider the history of law via its natural and positive traditions. This encourages understanding of how medical practice is placed within the contexts of ethics and law in the pluralist societies in which most students will practise. Four examples of topics from medical ethics teaching are described to support this claim. Australasian medical ethics teachers have paid less attention to the role of law in their curricula than their United Kingdom counterparts. Questions like the one addressed here will help inform future deliberations concerning minimal requirements for teaching medical ethics.     

试论医疗机构及其医务人员的伦理困境与法律对策——以法定医疗伦理损害责任为背景

在医疗伦理损害责任背景下,医疗机构及其医务人员在具体履行医疗告知义务时、患者(特定情况下其近亲属)知情不同意时、以及面临具体法之局限性时,常常陷于对患者的知情权、生命健康权、自主决定权、乃至自身的法律责任风险进行个人抉择的伦理困境。尽管导致伦理困境的原因是多方面的,但从法律视角来看,制定明确、规范的医疗伦理行为指引,建立解决医疗伦理困境的常设机构,健全医疗风险规避、医疗社会保障和医疗伦理督察制度,应是现实可行的应对之策。     

检察官“软”约束的规范化研究——以文本检视与实践透析为视角

职业伦理是检察官的"软"约束,是规范、引导检察官职业行为的重要依据。建构科学的检察官职业伦理规范体系,是司法改革背景下完善中国特色检察制度的必然要求。检视文本,我国检察官职业伦理规范存在的形式混乱、内容重复、类型繁杂等弊端,导致伦理规范缺乏系统性、简练性与明确性,制约着规范理性的实现;透析实践,检察官职业伦理规范在实际运行中陷入了检察权向行政权依附、"精英化"向"大众化"倾斜、职业信仰向社会人情屈从等困境,导致其无法真正发挥规范效力。因此,立足于规范理性与实践理性双重视角,应该通过提升检察官职业伦理规范的科学性、巩固检察官职业伦理建构的"职业化"根基、优化检察官职业伦理培养机制及加强职业伦理规范运行监督等措施,完善我国检察官职业伦理规范体系。     

CEO qualities and codes of ethics

Ethical issues have received growing attention recently, after corporate scandals and during the current economic crisis. Several initiatives have been adopted to restore confidence and trust in businesses, such as ethics codes. In addition, as a result of those scandals and financial frauds, several rules have focused on the role played by Boards of Directors in the planning and monitoring of codes of ethics. However, the empirical evidence is still scarce and needs some degree of extension. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of several corporate governance features—particularly, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO)—on the decision of developing an ethics code, among Spanish companies. Our main findings point out the lack of influence of the CEO’s characteristics (except for CEO reputation) on the likelihood of having a corporate code, indicating that this decision has to do with a choice made by the company overall, perhaps because of regulatory reasons or stakeholders’ expectations. Also, we have checked how other variables, such as the extent of a firm’s participation in defence or other government contracts or multiple listings of the company in different financial markets, can influence the decision of developing an ethics code.     

The healing philosopher: John Locke's medical ethics

This article examines a heretofore unexplored facet of John Locke's philosophy. Locke was a medical doctor and he also wrote about medical issues that are controversial today. Despite this, Locke's medical ethics has yet to be studied. An analysis of Locke's education and his teachers and colleagues in the medical profession, of the 17th century Hippocratic Oath, and of the reaction to the last recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague in London, shines some light on the subject of Locke's medical ethics. The study of Locke's medical ethics confirms that he was a deontologist who opposed all suicide and abortion through much of pregnancy.     

Are codes of professional ethics ethical?

This essay reviews and situates codes of professional ethics within the general field of ethics and considers the specific characteristics of such codes. In the process, the author argues against the view that one's professional role and code take precedence over other roles or codes. One's personal value system, once clarified and criticized, provides the appropriate basis from which to continuously assess our codes of professional ethics.     

Human rights, ethical principles, and standards in forensic psychology

Human rights create a protective zone around persons and allow them the opportunity to further their valued personal projects without interference from others. This article considers the relationship between human rights and the general ethical principles and standards contained in the American Psychological Association's (APA's) code of ethics as applied to the forensic domain. First, it analyzes the concept of human rights, their structure, and their justification. Second, it briefly describes the APA's most recent code of ethics and the principles and standards that compose it. Third, it concludes by explicitly examining the relationship between the present human rights model and the APA's code, demonstrating how it is able to provide an additional ethical resource for forensic practitioners in their clinical work and so deepen their ethical sensibilities and decision making. Finally, the article presents a case study and discusses the human rights issues confronting practitioners inherent in such situations.     

WHEN BEING GOOD IS BAD: AN EXPANSION OF NEUTRALIZATION THEORY*

Traditional subcultural theorists maintain that offenders operate in an environment in which oppositional norms catering to ethics of violence, toughness and respect dominate the social landscape. Such offenders actively reject middle‐class value systems and operate beyond the boundaries of what is considered decent society. In their seminal work introducing Neutralization Theory, Sykes and Matza criticized such subcultural perspectives for overemphasizing the extent to which actors reject mainstream values (1957). They maintained that offenders and delinquents are aware of conventional values, understand that their offending is wrong, and self‐talk before offending to mitigate the anticipated shame and guilt associated with violating societal norms. This study analyzes street offender decision making and behavior in an effort to expand that perspective. The analyzed data was taken from interviews of hardcore, active, noninstitutionalized (uncaught) drug dealers, street robbers and carjackers to determine how they neutralize to support their offending. Findings indicate that these offenders strive to protect a self‐image consistent with a code of the streets orientation rather than a conventional one. That is, they neutralize being good rather than being bad. This suggests that expanding the scope of neutralization theory beyond the confines of conventional value systems will allow the theory to explain the behavior of a larger group of offenders. It also takes into account the kinds of real‐world contextual forces that now influence urban crime.     

论刑法的修改形式

刑法修改是立法机关根据社会需要以及犯罪发展态势,适时针对不合理的刑法规范与条文作出相应修改的一种立法活动。从刑法修改的范围来看,有全面修改与部分修改两种形式;从修改所采取的载体形式看,有刑法典修改、单行刑法修改与附属刑法修改等形式;从修改所涉及的内容看,有废止型修改、修订型修改与补充型修改几种形式。刑法修改必须针对特定对象与内容采取不同的修改形式,刑法修正案不应当成为刑法修改的唯一途径,特别是对行政犯而言,更应该采取附属刑法的立法与修改形式。     

日本破产法改革概要

日本破产法2005年经较大修改颁行,涉及包括破产程序、个人破产和破产实体法在内的诸多内容,通过介绍日本破产法改革的各项内容,借鉴和修正我国破产制度.     

人格权的伦理分析

罗马法中的人与人格是一种关于身份的理论,在法国民法典中也没有人格权的规定。人格权是伦理学发展到一定阶段并随着民法在技术上的成熟而在德国民法典中最终确立的,康德的人格主义伦理学构成了德国民法典的精神基础。精神基础与制度基础的分离使得人格权进入法典面临诸多技术上的障碍。人格权的伦理内涵在于人的尊严,人格权的客体是“人的伦理价值”,人格权中的人只能是自然人,法人不具有伦理上的人格。人具有尊严,作为一个定言命令是相互的,人格权之侵权责任的实质也源于“尊重”。     

Codes of professional responsibility for lawyers: ethics or law?

The American Bar Association has three times in this century produced a code of ethics for lawyers. The movement has clearly been from a general, hortatory format to one of a statement of principles of law. In the ABA's latest effort, the problems of client confidentiality loom as the most serious and most difficult to solve. The question of ethics versus law weighs heavily in this context, and the ABA's latest resolutions of the confidentiality problems are found to be unsatisfactory.     

Practical approach to investigative ethics and religious objections to the autopsy.

The application of investigative ethics to religious objections to the autopsy is essential for harmony in achieving the mission of medical legal death investigations. In Florida, an ethical advisory committee composed of religious, ethics, legal, and medical leaders established a unified statement for the practice of discretionary judgment and liaison with clergy. Our approach to religious objections to the autopsy as well as illustrative cases will be discussed.     

Lawyers' ethics in Italy – an historical treatment with some comments on recent changes in approach

This article examines the code of ethics of Italian lawyers in a historical perspective. It takes account of the many books on lawyers' ‘etiquette’ published along the centuries, varied according the different roles of lawyers, solicitors, assistants in the administration of justice and client's interests protection. It focuses the attention of the reader on the statutory rules enacted in the corporative legal system, and then by rules of the Italian Bar Council, which are equated to normative rules, according to the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court and the Italian Supreme Court. The essential content of the code of ethics concerns general principles of behavior, the relationship among lawyers, the attitude of the lawyer toward their clients, the contacts with judges. Also problems of competition are investigated and the permanent conflict of the Italian Bar Council with the Competition Administrative Authority.