民法典编纂中的立法语言规范化

从表达上的需要、使用的普遍性以及操作的可行性三方面考察,判断民事立法语言优劣的基本标准和目标是"准确与否"。我国现有民事立法在落后的立法技术、经验主义立法思维、不断更替的法律理论以及不同的草案起草者和审定者之共同作用下,存在大量"语言失范":既有标点符号、用词和语法错误及篇章结构矛盾的纯粹语言问题,也有隐藏在概念不清晰、语言表达含混和逻辑不周延背后的法律问题,还有法与法不统一的体系问题。既降低了民事立法的质量,也对司法造成了不良影响。因此,编纂民法典之时,应当遵循"宜细不宜粗"的立法方针,优选专业化的立法品格,将法律理论研究与立法语言审校并重,准确选择和使用语言,以追求民法典语言表达的完善。     

民事立法方法的一种新进路

法学方法不仅包括法律适用的方法,也应包括立法的方法。民事立法中那些敏感和争议较大的问题都不是可以通过简单的外国法的借鉴或概念的逻辑推理能够解决的,往往要通过价值认知、价值评价和价值选择的过程,这其实就是哲学上的价值评价问题。其中价值选择是关键,而进行价值选择又需要有一定的思考路径和方法作指导,即先要把民事立法时所面临的价值冲突问题进行归纳分类,然后以价值目标为导向,以利益衡量为内容,以民法原则和民法规范为载体进行立法。     

苏联东欧刑事立法中的犯罪主体

苏联东欧刑事立法关于犯罪主体的规定以及对其所作的理论阐述有其特点。在以哲学为代表的诸社会学科竞相把自己的视线投向人的能力问题时,对它们的犯罪主体作一简介,将有助于我国犯罪主体问题的研究。     

谈离婚案件中未成年子女抚养归属的强制执行

在离婚案件执行中,往往涉及到未成年子女的抚养归属问题,若一方当事人拒不执行法院的判决或调解协议将子女交给另一方抚养时,法院能否强制执行?如何强制执行?由于认识上的差异在司法实践中往往做法不一。比如:有的法院认为当事人双方争执的焦点在于子女归谁抚养,所以子女能够     

行政信赖保护之立法思考

人们对信赖保护的认识已经提到了一定的高度 ,将信赖保护规定在行政程序法之中已基本上形成共识。但信赖保护究竟是作为具体法律规则的立法还是作法律原则的立法 ,甚至能否作为行政程序法的立法目的之一 ?信赖保护仅仅是实体性保护 ,还是包括程序性保护 ?在构成要件上 ,是否需要与公共利益相权衡 ?在保护请求权上是否需要设定时效 ?等等 ,这些问题需要在立法上引起足够重视并得到妥善解决 ,以让信赖保护能够收到良好的效果。     

继承公证之正当性分析 基于《公证法》第十一条之规定(二)

三、假言命题推理——由文义解释出发法的世界肇始于语言,语言承载并表达法的意义,欲明其"理"先知其"义",义枉则理谬。但由于语言的开放性和模糊性、预见力和表达力的有限性等原因,使得"任何法律、具体的法律规定以及受合同约束的协议在能够恰当地适用或执行之前都需要解释"。~①法律解释有"文义解释、论理解释、比较法解释、社会学解释,其中论理解释包括体系解释、法意解释、扩张解释、限缩解释、当然解释、目的解释、合宪性解释"~②等各种方法,这些方法往往你中有我、我中有你、协同作用~③,解释法律时将之分立常常只是出于文章结构的需要,而     

关于《刑诉法》修改的基本理念与原则的思考

《刑事诉讼法》修改已经提到立法日程,业界对此普遍关注并展开热烈讨论。按照我们的传统,《刑事诉讼法》的基本理念与原则以及修改《刑事诉讼法》的理念与原则成为首当其冲的问题。勿庸讳言,这些问题是极其重要的,因为任何一种变革,包括法律修改都需要一定的舆论及理论准备,都需要实现某种思想或原则;同时,任何一个法律条文背后都隐含或体现着某种理念、原则或价值,而司法者在适用法律作出某种决定时也一定受某种理念、原则或价值的支配。但是,在研究、讨论及适用《刑事诉讼法》修改的基本理念或原则时应该注意或防止一些公式化、简单化、庸…     

透视环境影响评价制度与"三同时"制度的相关问题

随着改革开放的不断深入,我国已经进入了一个飞速发展的阶段。但同时,资源紧缺、大气污染、水污染、城市垃圾等环境问题也突出的摆在了我们面前。各国都对环境问题进行了立法、管理和控制,但在立法后一些制度的实施却不尽如人意,比如在环境管理过程中项目决策阶段的环境影响评价制度和在项目实施阶段的"三同时"制度在实践中都没有很好的执行,往往"有法不依",同时这些制度在实施过程中都"各尽其责",没有相互衔接、结合以达到立法的目的,本文将对这些现象进行简要的分析。     

小议“哲人王”——柏拉图的政制构想辨谬

现代政治哲学的视域下,人们在面对柏拉图"哲人王"的政制构想时,往往会产生一些困惑与质疑。这些质疑究竟缘何产生,又有怎样的合理与不合理之处?怎样理解这一构想才是恰如其份呢?本文将避开"以今度古"的思维误区,力图把问题还原到柏氏政制理念所产生和作用着的那个历史文化场域之中,来尝试着一探"哲人王"之究竟。     

从刑诉法、民诉法的修改看立法语言的规范

合适的立法语言能够构建一部结构合理、逻辑严谨、表达适当的法律,且更有利于法律的适用。刑诉法、民诉法的修改吸收了刑事诉讼、民事诉讼的实践经验和理论总结,适用了我国刑事诉讼、民事诉讼的实际,体现了我国刑事诉讼、民事诉讼改革的成果。但是,修改之后的刑诉法、民诉法在立法语言上仍存在一些有待完善之处,如立法架构的统一、立法语言语义的逻辑性等。本文尝试对上述问题进行分析,并提出若干完善的建议。     

Can the Law Speak Directly to its Subjects? The Limitation of Plain Language

Can we dispense with lawyers as intermediaries between the law and its subjects? Can laypeople have direct access to the law? The Plain English Movement (PEM) has long promoted the use of plain language in legal writing as the way to demystify the law, and many governments and private corporations have expended significant resources on drafting legislation and legal documents in plain language. This article argues that the PEM has exaggerated the capacity of plain language to render the law intelligible to the non‐lawyer, obscuring the deeper question of legal complexity by focusing solely on language and style. Using the law effectively requires expertise that goes far beyond understanding the meaning of the words used to communicate it: certain complex aspects of the law cannot be eliminated by mere simplification of language and this article demonstrates that other specialized skills are required over and above the ability to penetrate technical language. The paradigmatic illustration of the need for such skills is litigation.     

中国《航运法》制定中几个基本理论问题之研究

针对中国正在制定的《航运法》,运用法理学和经济法的基本理论,结合航运经济和航运市场的特点,分析和探讨《航运法》的基本理论问题,包括《航运法》的调整对象、定义、地位、与其他法律的关系、立法指导思想、立法目的和立法基本原则。     

论我国环境管理体制立法存在的问题及其完善途径

我国现行的环境管理体制立法存在着立法体系不完善、立法内容存在交叉和矛盾、某些立法授权不符合科学管理的规律等问题。为此 ,我国应当加强对环境管理体制立法的研究 ,注意借鉴国外环境管理体制立法的经验 ,加快制定综合性的环境管理体制立法。应将各单行立法中关于环境管理体制的规定具体化 ,及时修订与实际不符的法律规定。在立法程序上 ,改变由管理部门起草立法的方式 ,遵循先立法后改制的原则。并且在立法中引入公众对环境管理机构的监督机制     

The Revised Provisions on Sex Discrimination in European Law: A Critical Assessment

Abstract:  The recently revised provisions on sex discrimination in European law are critically evaluated. The evaluation is focused on substantial issues, technical issues such as consistency and clarity, and on the problems observed in the implementation of discrimination provisions in the national legislation. The consistency of different language versions of community legislation is also covered. The problematic issues observed in the evaluation are discussed, and possible cures are briefly outlined.     

Citizenship in schools: the gap between theory and practice

Upon leaving school, young people are expected to play an active part as citizens in a democratic society. Are schools providing them with the tools to do this? Citizenship is taught in schools, but to what extent is it practised? Many safety issues concerning student behaviour and student conflict confront school authorities. In what ways are students learning to take responsibility for the safety of their school environments? Generally, schools in New Zealand and in comparative jurisdictions continue to operate on a traditional authoritarian hierarchical basis. Within these structures students could rightly feel that schooling is something which is ‘done to them’ rather than their being engaged as active participants. School authorities have a moral and legal responsibility to maintain a learning environment which is physically and emotionally safe and free from hostility. Traditionally reactive measures such as searching, drug testing and exclusion are used by schools with the aim of fulfilment of that duty. Research indicates that these measures have met with limited success in terms of school safety, and that in any event they may expose school authorities to challenge from students on the basis that their rights have been violated.     

《环境保护法》修改中若干基本问题的定位

我国现行《环境保护法》已实施18年,其立法理念和价值取向已明显落后于当今生态建设和环境保护实践。在《环境保护法》修改过程中,应当对立法目的、立法模式、制度体系等基本问题重新进行定位,使修改后的《环境保护法》符合我国生态建设和环境保护的社会实际,顺应环境法发展的国际趋势。     

WTO与中国社会主义市场法律制度建设问题

世界贸易组织规则及各种协议、协定是国际经济贸易法的重要组成部分。中国现行的经济法律 ,如市场主体法律制度、物权法律制度、合同法律制度、社会保障制度等 ,与世界贸易组织的规则是相通的。但是 ,对与国际经贸规则接轨、国民待遇、公平竞争、法律透明度及法制统一等理念还要进一步深化到经济立法中去。同时 ,要加紧制定民法典 ,加强电子商务等促进知识经济发展的立法 ,进一步完善商事法律体系 ,改进行政执法和司法。     

Bridging the Gender Gap In Bill Sponsorship

Under what circumstances do men sponsor issues that are traditionally regarded as salient primarily to women? By examining the sponsorship of legislation in the upper and lower chambers of 15 state legislatures in 2001, we explored the conditions under which men are likely to focus attention on policy areas involving women's issues and children's issues. We found little effect of institutional context (such as party control of the legislature or diversity within the legislature) on the sponsorship behavior of either men or women. Personal characteristics such as race, education, age, and family circumstances are associated with sponsorship by men, but not by women. Committee service is also strongly associated with sponsorship behavior, particularly for men. Differences in sponsorship are relatively marked in the sponsorship of legislation that focuses on reproduction or other health issues particularly relevant to women. We conclude that the boundaries of the set of issues traditionally defined as “women's issues” may be changing over time and that it is important to recognize that the influences on the sponsorship of women's issues can be different for men than they are for women.     

我国涉外继承公证若干国际私法问题反思

我国涉外继承公证涉及的国际私法问题包括涉外继承公证的受理范围、审查内容和法律适用、效力以及救济问题。我国对涉外继承公证的法律规定仍然存在若干模糊甚至冲突之处。要解决这一冲突,一方面要进一步完善有关我国涉外继承公证的立法,另一方面要对涉外继承公证进行法律救济,即对公证事项发生争议时的救济和对公证书异议时的救济。     

农产品质量安全的立法研究

《农产品质量安全法》的颁布和实施,填补了我国调整农业初级产品法律上的空白,基本形成了"从农田到餐桌"的农产品质量安全法律体系。但目前我国的农产品质量安全立法还存在着农产品范围不明确、禁止生产区域界定不清、法律责任规范不足等诸多不足,必须针对这些问题进行深入分析,进而构建出适合我国农产品质量安全运行规律的法律体系,才能从根本上提高我国农产品质量安全水平。