Use of DNA polymorphism in forensic paternity evaluation

Problematical paternity cases were additionally subjected to DNA-polymorphism analysis. 5 cases are reported, focusing on problems due to, 'silent' allele transmittance, relatively low probability for paternity, obvious occurrence of the extremely rare Rh gene complex CWc, involvement of brothers as putative fathers, non-paternity of a man although his W-value was 99.975%. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the need for DNA-polymorphism analysis, if conventional blood group tests do not lead to a clear-cut decision. Extended typing of conventional blood group polymorphisms (except HLA) cannot compete with highly polymorphic DNA loci.     

Identifying sex chromosome abnormalities in forensic DNA testing using amelogenin and sex chromosome short tandem repeats

Forensic DNA laboratories worldwide have begun using multiplexed STR systems to decrease analysis time and increase sample throughput. The loci used in these systems are basically "nonsense" regions of human DNA. However, due to the chromosome on which some of these loci are located, various genetic abnormalities can sometimes be detected. This paper will show one such abnormality--Klinefelter's Syndrome--and the process used to show the possibility of this defect in two undiagnosed males using peak height ratios at the Amelogenin locus, and X-Y STRs.     

Use of a Y chromosome probe as an aid in the forensic proof of sexual assault

Currently, the most common procedures for the forensic identification of semen that may be present due to a sexual assault include the microscopic identification of spermatozoa, acid phosphatase activity, or the detection of PSA. However, not all cases of sexual assault result in the deposit of semen. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) has been found to be a very sensitive and specific method for detection of the Y chromosome from male cells. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the presence of epithelial cells of male origin in the postcoital vaginal tract using a commercially available probe. Results identified Y chromosome in intact epithelial cells on postcoital Days 1 through 4, and on Day 7. Additionally, Y chromosome positive epithelial cells were identified in vaginal swabs obtained following intercourse with no ejaculation. The method developed in this study demonstrates that FISH is a sensitive method for the identification of the presence of male epithelial cells in the postcoital vagina.     

Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系鉴定中应用价值的研究

目的研究16基因位点Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系法医鉴定中的应用价值. 方法对无关个体中随机抽样组成的假设父-子二联体100例、正常人群中已知真父-子二联体100例及已知非父-子二联体100例、实际单亲血缘关系亲子鉴定案228例、特意省去母亲的二联体鉴定案136例,应用Identifiler体系的16基因位点进行检测,得出每案例的RCP值,将检测结果同应用其他体系检测的结果比对,同三联体检测结果比对,同真实情况比对,计算出单独使用Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系法医鉴定中的正确率. 结果对228例单亲鉴定案应用Identifiler体系检测的结果,同应用Profiler Plus和Cofiler两个体系再加用24个其他位点银染检测(共37个位点)的结果完全相同;对无关个体100例及真父-子二联体100例及非父-子二联体100例,用Identifil er体系检测的结果同调查核实的真实情况完全相符;对136例特意省去母亲的二联体案,用I dentifiler体系检测的结果同原实际检案中三联体检测的结果完全相同. 结论 单独使用Identifiler体系完全可以解决法医亲子鉴定中的单亲血缘关系鉴定问题.     

Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系鉴定中应用价值的研究

目的　研究 16基因位点Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系法医鉴定中的应用价值。　方法　对无关个体中随机抽样组成的假设父—子二联体 10 0例、正常人群中已知真父—子二联体 10 0例及已知非父—子二联体 10 0例、实际单亲血缘关系亲子鉴定案 2 2 8例、特意省去母亲的二联体鉴定案 136例 ,应用Identifiler体系的 16基因位点进行检测 ,得出每案例的RCP值 ,将检测结果同应用其他体系检测的结果比对 ,同三联体检测结果比对 ,同真实情况比对 ,计算出单独使用Identifiler体系在单亲血缘关系法医鉴定中的正确率。　结果　对 2 2 8例单亲鉴定案应用Identifiler体系检测的结果 ,同应用ProfilerPlus和Cofiler两个体系再加用 2 4个其他位点银染检测 (共 37个位点 )的结果完全相同 ;对无关个体 10 0例及真父—子二联体 10 0例及非父—子二联体 10 0例 ,用Identifiler体系检测的结果同调查核实的真实情况完全相符 ;对 136例特意省去母亲的二联体案 ,用Identifiler体系检测的结果同原实际检案中三联体检测的结果完全相同。　结论　单独使用Identifiler体系完全可以解决法医亲子鉴定中的单亲血缘关系鉴定问题。     

医疗纠纷司法鉴定的法律依据--兼谈正确处理司法鉴定与医疗事故鉴定的关系

司法鉴定是指人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、国家安全机关、监狱、仲裁机关以及当事人对案件立案前取证、诉讼、执行、仲裁过程中所遇到的专门技术、专门知识问题，委托有鉴定权的机构或鉴定人依法检验或判断的活动。当前，医疗纠纷诉讼到法院的案件日趋增多。在司法实践中，司法鉴定也作为判断医疗纠纷中医院是否具有过错及过错和损害后果之间的因果关系的一种常用方法。那么对医疗纠纷进行司法鉴定是否有法律依据呢？本文对于医疗纠纷进行司法鉴定的法律依据进行探讨。     

医疗纠纷司法鉴定的法律依据--兼谈正确处理司法鉴定与医疗事故鉴定的关系

司法鉴定是指人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、国家安全机关、监狱、仲裁机关以及当事人对案件立案前取证、诉讼、执行、仲裁过程中所遇到的专门技术、专门知识问题,委托有鉴定权的机构或鉴定人依法检验或判断的活动。[1]当前,医疗纠纷诉讼到法院的案件日趋增多。在司法实践中,司法鉴定也作为判断医疗纠纷中医院是否具有过错及过错和损害后果之间的因果关系的一种常用方法。那么对医疗纠纷进行司法鉴定是否有法律依据呢?本文对于医疗纠纷进行司法鉴定的法律依据进行探讨。一、从医疗纠纷的定义上看:医疗事故只是医疗纠纷的一种广义上讲,凡…     

试论非法行医案的法医学鉴定

本文结合部分非法行医典型案例讨论该类案件的法医学鉴定问题,对于非法行医行医造成人身健康受到损害的程度如何界定,法律没有明确规定,作者认为应以刑法为基础,参照《人体轻微伤的鉴定》、《人体轻伤鉴定标准（试行）》和《人体重伤鉴定标准》作为主要依据,并考虑非法行医行为在这类案件中的参与程度,综合鉴定。     

试论非法行医案的法医学鉴定

本文结合部分非法行医典型案例讨论该类案件的法医学鉴定问题 ,对于非法行医造成人身健康受到损害的程度如何界定 ,法律没有明确规定 ,作者认为应以刑法为基础 ,参照《人体轻微伤的鉴定》、《人体轻伤鉴定标准 (试行 )》和《人体重伤鉴定标准》作为主要依据 ,并考虑非法行医行为在这类案件中的参与程度 ,综合鉴定。     

Y chromosome J2 subtyping in an Italian sample: Population and forensic implications

In the recent years the Y chromosome genealogy has been refined by a number of newly discovered SNPs. The non-random distribution of the Y chromosome lineages worldwide makes fundamental the dissection and characterisation of haplogroups associated with specific geographic areas. In Southern Europe the haplogroup J2, as defined by the M172 marker, can reach frequencies up to 35%, making the dissection of such lineage critical for population studies. Here we present a study on J2 chromosomes from the Italian peninsula. Populations and forensic implications are discussed. A total of 900 individuals were previously genotyped for a number of SNPs, including M172. More than 200 of these have been now genotyped for 7 SNPs within the J2 lineage using a multiplex SNaPshot approach. The different distribution of the various lineages in different geographic areas probably reflects different historical demographic events and points to differential Y chromosome haplotype distribution, with implication for forensic application of this genetic marker.     

Iatrogenic conditions as an object of forensic medical studies

The author proposes an original definition of iatrogenic states and their forensic medical model based on the analysis of the causes underlying the development of these conditions. A rationale for the application of this model in the forensic medical practice is formulated.     

国产试剂盒Goldeneye~(TM)20A在亲权鉴定中的应用评估

目的评估GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒在亲权鉴定中的应用价值。方法应用GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒对289宗亲权鉴定案例中的FTA卡血样本基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,扩增产物用ABI 3130xl遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,GeneMapper v3.2和GeneMarker HID软件进行基因分型及统计学分析,并与IdentifilerTM、SinofilerTM、PowerPlex16 3种试剂盒进行比较。结果采用GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒,累积非父排除概率(CPE)为0.999 999 996,累积个人识别能力(CPD)达0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 932 44,与目前常用的3种试剂盒相比较,GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒在不排除的案例中具有更高的CPI值;在排除的案例中具有更多的排除指标。结论国产GoldeneyeTM20A试剂盒在亲权鉴定中有较高的应用价值。     

Digital photography as an object of forensic medical examination

The possibility of diagnosing skin lesions by means of digital pictures was investigated. A "Zenit ET" film camera, HP flatbed scanner, amateur "'Panasonic" and "Sony" videocameras, miniature USB camera and digital photocameras were used to obtain images. Above 1000 images were studied. Criteria were fixed for the required quality of images. A method was developed to formalize images by means of a color etalon and mathematical assessment of formalized skin lesions. Stages were suggested for the computer-based analysis of images. Computer software was developed for the automated formalization of images and for the statistical processing of values of image elements. It was demonstrated that digital photography can be an independent informative object of forensic medical examination.     

Principles of the forensic psychiatric assessment of exhibitionism

Incompetence of the existing approach to forensic psychiatric assessment of exhibitionism as well as the necessity for conducting the analysis of direct manifestations of perverse behaviour are shown. Dissimilar clinical manifestations of this kind of paraphilias are presented and its fixed, compulsive and impulsive variants are described. The necessity for singling out differential forensic psychiatric criteria depending on psychopathologic characteristics of exhibitionism is stressed.     

重构我国司法鉴定体制中存在的问题

2005年2月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议通过《全国人大常委会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》(以下简称为《决定》),并于2005年10月1日生效。其间有半年的准备调整时间。该《决定》对我国司法鉴定管理体制、鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人资格、鉴定机构的业务范围等都做出了明确规定,因此,《决定》的出台必将对我国现行的司法鉴定体制进行调整,对我国司法鉴定制度产生深远的影响。其有积极进步的一面,但也有消极负面的一些影响,其中最大最直接的影响莫过于对司法鉴定机构、司法行政机关和人民法院的影响。未雨绸缪,防患于未然,…     

重构我国司法鉴定体制中存在的问题

2005年2月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议通过《全国人大常委会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》(以下简称为《决定》)，并于2005年10月1日生效。其间有半年的准备调整时间。该《决定》对我国司法鉴定管理体制、鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人资格、鉴定机构的业务范围等都做出了明确规定，因此，《决定》的出台必将对我国现行的司法鉴定体制进行调整，对我国司法鉴定制度产生深远的影响。其有积极进步的一而，但也有消极负而的一些影响，     

The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment

Despite the apparent widespread use of psychological tests in evaluations performed by psychologists to assist legal decision makers, there has been little critical but balanced examination of the appropriate parameters for the forensic use of such tests. The following discussion examines the nature of legal decision making, and concludes that the primary legal criterion for the adminissibility of psychological testing isrelevance to the immediate legal issue or to some underlying psychological construct. Assuming thataccuracy is a more consistent concern for psychologists performing such evaluations, the criticisms of various commentators are discussed. Some criticisms appear appropriate and are incorporated into a set of proposed guidelines for the use of psychological tests in forensic contexts. Other criticisms appear misplaced, however, and the call for a whole sale ban on psychological testing in the forensic context is rejected.     

13个STR基因座在亲子鉴定案例中的基因突变观察

目的 观察美国 CODIS系统的 13个 STR基因座在532例认定亲子关系的亲子鉴定案中的基因突变情况,探讨STR基因座突变率及突变类型。方法 经“Profiler Plus”及“Cofiler”试剂盒检测的587例亲子鉴定案,对其中有1～2个STR基因座不符合遗传规律者,增加HLA等血型基因和“PowerPlex16~(TM)”试剂盒检测。必要时,还增加Y-STR基因座检测和HLA等位基因测序。结果 认定亲子关系的532例,观察1052次减数分裂,发现17例亲子鉴定中的18次基因突变事件,其中16例1个STR基因座的基因发生突变,1例2个STR基因座的基因发生突变;突变的基因座包括D5S818、D3S1358、D16S539、CSFIPO、D21S11、D13S317、D7S820、vWA、D18S51和FGA,其中以FGA和D18S51基因座的突变率最高(0.29％);18次突变事件,其中来自父亲11次,来自母亲5次,无法确定2次。结论 用美国CODIS系统的STR基因座进行亲子鉴定,在有1～2个基因座不符合遗传规律时,要综合分析,并增加其它的遗传标记进行检测。