社会资本之于民主政治建设的意义——兼论中国"社会资本"和民主政治建设问题

社会资本所包括的信任、规范和网络等要素,对民主的社会基础之奠定深具意义。中国传统的“社会资本”是一种“关系资本”,不同于现代公民社会意义上的“社会资本”,不利于当代中国的民主政治建设。发展社会主义民主政治,建设社会主义政治文明,要求我们从中国实际出发,采取有效措施,促进中国传统“社会资本”向现代公民社会意义上的“社会资本”转型。     

社会资本视域下政企协同的应急物资储备探究

应急物资储备在风险防控和突发事件应对中发挥着关键的作用，构建政企协同的应急物资储备是提升应急管理效率的必然选择，但政府与企业主体在信息不对称、目标不一致等情况下何以达成合作、实现共赢是面临的现实困境。基于社会资本视域，信任、规范以及网络关系等三大社会资本要素分别构成政企协同应急物资储备的心理基础、制度基础以及组织基础。针对社会资本不足对政企协同应急物资储备造成的阻碍，需要通过全面发展政府与企业的信任体系、科学设计应急物资规范管理体系、构建协调社会网络关系等路径措施培育社会资本，同时也需要警惕、打破固化的社会资本。落实到政企协同应急物资储备的实践中，应结合应急管理周期理论，构建包括“企业入库—储备方案—资源调度—平台优化”为关键环节的政企协同应急物资储备平台。     

社会资本理论与社会公正问题

社会资本理论的兴起为社会公正实现的研究提供了新思路。社会资本与社会公正之间存在着结构性依赖和制约的关系。目前,我国的社会资本存在诸多缺陷,制约着社会公正的普遍形成。为此,通过转变政府职能、界定政府权力,加强制度整合、推动法治化进程,培育公民社会的公民意识和公共精神以及促进民间组织的健康发展,进而实现社会资本从传统到现代的转型,是实现社会公正的重要前提和题中应有之义。     

社会资本嵌入：乡村振兴背景下村庄共同体重建的新思路

村庄共同体解体的危机是当前乡村振兴战略背景下必须直面的重大问题。社会资本作为乡村可持续发展的重要条件和关键因素,为我国村庄共同体的重建提供了新的思路。从历史进程来看,我国村庄共同体大致历经了“自然共同体”、“政治共同体”、“利益共同体”三个发展形态,与此同时,农村社会资本也经历了从“宗族化”到“行政化”再到“市场化”的转变。随着现代化进程快速推进,村庄“利益共同体”普遍面临衰落的局面,农村人口大量流失,公共空间萎缩,传统价值淡化,社区认同消解。同时,乡村社会资本也发生一系列变化,村民参与网络日趋松散,村民互惠规范日益匮乏,村庄总体社会信任度弱化。社会资本是乡村社会维持社会秩序、整合社会资源以及维系其稳定发展的重要资源。由此,我国必须努力培育乡村社会资本并积极引导其嵌入,进行社会关系和社区价值的整合,以发挥其构建村庄共同体的内生动力作用。     

社会资本在政策过程中的效应及重构

社会资本是一种以信任为核心,以公民参与的网络为载体,以互利互惠的规范为运行规则的资源形式。充裕的社会资本储备往往产生凝聚力强的公民社会,这是公民积极参与制定、执行和评估公共政策的良好社会生态环境,也是现代自由民主制度产生的必要条件。通过公民参与社会网络培育公民个体之间或团体之间以及政府与公民之间的互信互惠机制,增强公共政策的合法性。然而中国一方面是以利益为纽带维系的深度信任的社会资本呈现出过剩的态势,另一方面以非营利组织为主要形式的“浅度信任”的社会资本不足,造成公共政策过程中出现“寻租”和腐败,政策变得专横和迟钝。因此必须重构社会资本,以实现社会资本与公共政策的良性互动。     

提高选人用人公信度问题的社会学解构与应对

信任是重要的社会资源，在经济上可以促进社会交易，节约交易成本，提高社会的繁荣度。同时，信任也是重要的政治资源，群众的信任是执政党的宝贵政治资本。正如郑杭生同志在《当社会信任出问题的时候》一文中指出的：“只要有老百姓的信任，即使社会政策考虑得不尽周全也能弥补，有了矛盾也好解决，大矛盾化解为小矛盾；反之，如果老百姓不信任，最好的社会政策也难以贯彻，小的矛盾也难化解，甚至被激化为大矛盾。”     

企业社会资本与企业发展

社会资本在传递信息、构建信任、获取资源等方面具有不可替代性,对企业的生存和发展十分重要.企业社会资本从功能上分为结构性和关系性两类,结构性社会资本有助于企业获得稀缺资源,而关系性社会资本能促进企业获取信息、构建信任.随着企业不断发展,其社会资本往往会衰减、贬值,甚至表现出负功能,从而使企业利益受损.企业要实现可持续发展,必须适应新的经济社会环境,促使企业对现有社会关系进行适应性改造,提高企业外部关系网络的中心性,形成新型内部关系网络,从而再造社会资本.     

“竞赛社会”中的“齿轮人”——资本统治权批判的哲学叙事

马克思在《资本论》第二十二章“剩余价值分为资本和收入。节欲论”部分将资本家比喻成资本主义社会机制的“主动轮”,并指出，竞争使资本主义生产方式内在的规律作为外在的强制支配着每一个资本家，因此，资本家的私人消费也就成为对他资本积累的掠夺。这使得资本家必须履行其“主动轮”身份的义务，在资本主义“竞赛社会”中不断轮转，并带动作为“从动轮”的劳动者。马克思“主动轮”的比喻揭露了资本主义“竞赛社会”中主体的“齿轮”本质，在资本主义“自由竞争”的机制下，资本实现了全方位的自由，而主体则被迫陷入自由陷阱，失去自由。这意味着在资本主义社会中真正的主体空场，即人的主体地位沦陷，全体人成为维持资本机器运转的齿轮。在此意义上，资本权力已然取代了全体人的主体地位，实现了资本权力的控场。     

社会资本、区域经济发展与社会诚信

社会资本是寓于社会网络之中的一种社会结构性资源。社会网络和网络成员的信任是构成社会资本的两种重要形式。社会资本对于区域经济发展或产业集群的形成的重要影响力在于它所提供的镶嵌式背景———社会网络的结构差异会引致不同的结果。在中国社会经济转型期,只有构建符合现代意义的社会结构性资源以及更广泛意义的社会普遍诚信,整个社会才能达到一种高效率的秩序。     

善治:中国的思考——以社会资本理论作为研究范式

人类发展理念与全球化进程的整合产生了社会对“善治”的诉求,但是,社会资本与善治之间存在着结构性制约与依赖的关系。随着我国不断加速融入全球化进程,善治也终将成为我国公共管理的基本取向。目前,我国现代社会资本还相当缺失,制约了善治模式的普遍形成。必须发展公民社会的现代公民意识,增强公民的主体意识、权利意识和参与意识;必须发展公民社会的公共精神,提高公民社会的认同、信任、合作和互助水平;必须大力发展民间组织,形成现代社会资本的组织网络。社会资本的发展是推动我国“善治”型公共管理模式形成的必然选择。     

The Social Capital of Global Ties in Science: The Added Value of International Collaboration

The globalization of science is demonstrated in the mobility of scientists across national boundaries, the composition of the U.S. scientific workforce, and increased collaboration across national boundaries. While studies based on bibliometric and other data have been useful in identifying trends, collaborative clusters, and other patterns in international collaboration, they do not reveal the social dynamics behind those collaborations. This paper addresses the human and social capital factors that explain whether or not an academic researcher in science and engineering has an international collaborator. Further, through detailed statistical models, the analysis also addresses the factors that differentiate the specific resources derived from those international ties. Results show that non‐U.S. citizens are more likely to have close international collaborators, but that a range of factors explain this relationship. Further, results show that U.S. academic faculty mobilize different collaborative resources from international collaborators, versus their domestic collaborators.     

“三反”运动中的“武汉经验”

"三反"运动存在两个样本,即以反贪污为主要特色的"北京经验"和以反官僚主义为主要特色的"武汉经验"。"武汉经验"的典型注释就是当时曾轰动全国的"纪凯夫事件"。从巩固党与群众的联系,纠正党员干部脱离群众、压制民主、拒绝批评的官僚主义作风出发,此案的处理是严肃的甚至是严厉的,但也因此存在着过宽、过重之处。"武汉经验"展示的是中国共产党对官僚主义的高度警惕,对人民群众政治参与的大力支持,对压制民主、拒绝批评、脱离群众的政治危险,表现出除恶务尽的决心和开展了雷厉风行的打击。但官僚主义现象却不是短期所能完全克服的,"武汉经验"提供了解决问题的一些原则和基本措施。     

论村民委员会作为乡村社会维权性组织的可能与路径

“三农”问题的实质是农民权益问题,作为村民自治组织的村民委员会应成为维护乡村社会权益的组织依托;当前在我国乡村治理的实践中,乡村自治性组织的维权性功能存在着缺位、错位和异化的现象,这是由诸多原因造成的;在社会主义新农村建设中应着力构建以保障农民权益为根本的乡村治理新机制,推进乡村自治组织的社会性复归;通过政治环境的发展、制度机制的重构、文化观念的培育,挖掘和塑造村民自治性组织作为村民群众维权性组织的组织资源和实践能力。     

Are Discrimination and Social Capital Related to Housing Instability?

Existing studies examining social capital and housing instability have overlooked structural factors such as discrimination, providing an incomplete explanation of the relationship between social capital and housing instability. This study addresses this limitation by exploring how discrimination and social capital are related to housing instability. This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during the Atlanta Neighborhood Pilot study. The sample consists of mostly African American adults who resided in the Atlanta metropolitan area in 2013 (n = 691). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, residential mobility, and public assistance, stepwise logistic regression identified social capital and discrimination as significant predictors of housing instability. Lower social capital and higher everyday discrimination scores were associated with increased odds for housing instability. Individuals 35 or older, those with annual incomes between $25,000 and $50,000, and those who reported receiving public assistance during their lifetime also had increased odds for housing instability. Findings identify characteristics of individuals vulnerable to housing instability and suggest that social capital development as a housing intervention warrants further exploration. These findings can be utilized by policymakers and practitioners to better target funding and to create efficient systems better equipped to deploy early homelessness prevention interventions.     

Social capital, lobbying and community-based interest groups

Recent discussions of social capital within the public choice literature have tended to focus on its role in solving collective action problems and promoting political accountability. Consequently, two areas of inquiry remain underexplored: (1) the role social capital plays in facilitating lobbying and rent seeking, and (2) the possibility that the availability of government resources can cause community-based groups to re-orient their stocks of social capital away from mutual assistance and toward lobbying and rent seeking. This article examines the relationship between social capital and lobbying in New Orleans??s post-Katrina recovery.     

The Monitoring Capacity of Civil Society Networks: A Social Network Analysis in the Case of Gender Equality Policy

The role of civil society organizations (CSOs) as a watchdog in the implementation process is widely acknowledged. However, little is known about what determines their capacity to monitor EU policy implementation and how it differs across member states. This article accounts for social capital as well as human and financial capital to determine the monitoring capacity of CSOs. To capture sources of social capital, a network analysis is applied in a comparative case article on the monitoring networks of national platforms of the European Women’s Lobby across eight EU member states. The analysis reveals that CSOs in western member states are rich in human, financial and social capital, while CSOs in CEE member states compensate for this lack of resources by linking up with the Commission.     

Japanese Network Capital: The Impact of Social Networks on Japanese Political Participation

Recent scholarship shows that social capital has a large influence on political behavior. Social capital’s definition includes trust, norms of reciprocity, and social networks. Most studies, however, ignore the networking component. Here, we test the influence of social networks on political participation using new Japanese survey data. We separately test the effects of involvement in formally organized voluntary associations and informal social networks. We also examine whether hierarchical networks have a different impact on participation than equal relationships. To determine if networks with bridging or bonding social capital affect participation differently, we also measure the openness to outsiders of these networks. Negative binomial regression models indicate a strong positive relationship between formal and informal social networking—including network hierarchy and some forms of openness—and political participation.     

Co-creation of Linking Social Capital in ‘Municipality 3.0’

There is great interest in co-creation of welfare production between municipalities and the civil society in the Nordic countries. Using linking social capital as a theoretical point of departure and examining a qualitative case study in Norway, I critically assess the concepts of co-creation and ‘Municipality 3.0’. It is suggested that even in countries with high trust in the authorities, building linking social capital in the shape of interorganizational networks is a complex process fraught with potential barriers related to trust, network building, municipal resources, and statutory laws and regulations. And while outcomes are promising, they are far from certain.     

Social Capital and Public Policy – The Current Challenge Facing the Victorian Government

Social capital, since Putnam's 1993 work, has captured the imagination of policy‐makers the world over, and Australia is no exception. In 2005 the Department of Victorian Communities launched its Actions for Community Strengthening policy statement, which draws heavily on social capital theory. This article explores the theoretical underpinnings of the government's policy and critiques its failure to deal adequately with the causal relationship between social capital and its supposed community benefits. The article then seeks to isolate the missing factors through a look at recent research on volunteerism and argues that the institution of collaborative/interactive governance needs to be underpinned by sound socio‐economic reform.     

Social Capital and Regional Economies in Britain

Is social capital a prerequisite for prosperity? This paper analyzes social capital and economic performance in the British regions. Like Italy, Britain has a north–south economic divide. Are these differences caused by unequal stocks of social capital? This paper provides limited support for the hypothesized relationship between some indicators of social capital (especially trust and civic associations) and economic performance. Economic associations, however, are negatively correlated. This highlights shortcomings in social capital theory in terms of transferring the concept to new settings, the mechanisms linking social capital to production and the translation of social capital into public policy.