论美国对国际刑事法院的政策

基于对国际刑事法院成立和发展特点的概述(包括相同观点国家集团与美国的博弈),本文将美国克林顿、小布什和奥巴马民主、共和两党三届政府对国际刑事法院的政策演变进行了比较与解析。作者认为,应关注美国三届政府近20年来始终未变的两大政策核心:即通过联合国安理会对国际刑事法院进行控制和干预,以及要求国际刑事法院给予所有美国人司法豁免权。从美国全球战略与国家利益出发,需要时在世界上使用武力则是以上两大政策核心的基本前提。它们将继续影响美国对国际刑事法院的政策,并使美国在近期(特别是在世界热点地区出现突发事件时)与中长期(预期2017年《罗马规约侵略罪修正案》批准生效后)存在着与国际刑事法院发生新的矛盾冲突的可能性。     

Explicit Narcotization: U.S. Policy Toward Colombia During the Samper Administration

Suspecting that his electoral campaign had received contributions from the Cali drug cartel, the U.S. government considered Colombian president Ernesto Samper (1994–98) an enemy in the drug war. U.S. antidrug policy accordingly targeted not just illicit crop cultivation, traffickers, and money laundering but also the democratically elected president himself. In many ways, U.S. policy became obsessed with bringing down Samper, an "explicit narcotization" that had severe consequences for the two countries' relationship. This case study analyzes the often complex interactions between dominant and subordinate states, especially when the dominant state's involvement in the subordinate state is driven by domestic political concerns.     

The Failure of U.S. Policy Toward Iraq And Proposed Alternatives

The document that follows is the result of two meetings initiated in 2001 by Foreign Policy In Focus (FPIF) to examine the failure of current U.S. policy toward Iraq and to draw up a statement outlining the components of a new, more humane and effective policy. It was prepared by Phyllis Bennis, Stephen Zunes and Martha Honey.     

Historical Institutionalism and Economic Policymaking – Determinants of the Pattern of Economic Policy in Brazil, 1930–1960

From 1930 to 1960, Brazil adopted a pattern of economic policy marked by strong state intervention, high levels of protectionism, disregard of exports and a permissive treatment of inflation. These policies distorted the model of industrialisation and had a negative impact on the prospects for economic development. This article employs a historical institutionalist approach to investigate how the international context, the ideology of the policymakers, the role of the technocrats and the pressures of various social groups, especially the industrialists, influenced decisions on economic policy, contributing to the consolidation of the pattern described above.     

美国的战略性贸易政策

70年代以来 ,因受年度性双赤字困扰及美国产业向后工业化过渡 ,美国贸易政策理念在国内产业集团的强大压力下发生了变化 ,从传统的自由贸易和保护主义政策走向公平贸易和战略性贸易政策。 80年代国际贸易新理论的发展为美国贸易政策的转变提供了理论依据 ,美日半导体和美欧商用航空器争端这两个案例说明 ,在不完全竞争市场中 ,政府介入可以改变战略性博弈的结果。战略性贸易政策不仅可以帮助本国企业实现利润转移 ,而且可以创造“外部经济” ,从而增加国家经济福利。 90年代 ,克林顿政府以战略性贸易理论作为指导美国对外贸易政策的主流经济学 ,实行“出口能动主义”战略。尽管未能消除贸易赤字 ,但美国出口能力大幅提高 ,在一定程度上为美国经济恢复国际竞争力做出了贡献     

Everyday forms of state decomposition: Quetzaltenango,Guatemala, 1954⋆

This essay explores how Guatemala's 1952 agrarian reform played out among Quetzalteco K'iche's. Much of the academic writing on the revolution is concerned with the way the agrarian reform affected indigenous communities. These studies either view the reform as creating bitter political conflicts within the community, thereby weakening or destroying local institutions of communal politics and identification, or else they understand the reform as deepening incipient class divisions. In all of these studies,‘conflict’is understood to be something antithetical to‘community’. Yet conflict is as essential to communal formation as are more visible identity markers, suggesting an intriguing correlation: the greater the degree of communal conflict, the greater the level of communal identification.