The Role of Ideology in State Legislative Elections

In this article, I examine the effect of incumbent ideology on elections in 45 state legislatures, showing that ideological extremists are more likely to be opposed in the general election than are moderates and that extremists tend to do worse in challenged elections than moderates do. I also explore the intervening role of legislative professionalism, finding that in the majority of state legislatures moderation is rewarded, though in the most professionalized legislatures, incumbents are actually rewarded for extremism. These results show that despite the informational disadvantage of the electorate, the ideology of state legislators is an important factor in elections.     

The Role of Perceived Justice,Political Ideology,and Individual or Collective Framing in Support for Environmental Policies

Effectively addressing environmental challenges such as climate change will require adopting policy measures that have some impact on collective human behavior. The present research examined attitudes toward different environmental policies, specifically focusing on the role of perceived justice. Justice was measured in two ways: as an assessment of the fairness of a particular policy and as a general tendency to endorse statements related to environmental justice. Because justice judgments can be context specific, policies were presented in four conditions, in a 2 × 2 design manipulating the type of impact described, ecological or societal, and the level of focus, individual or collective. The roles of political ideology and environmentalism were also investigated. Results from an online sample of 162 US residents showed that non-coercive policies, overall, were rated as more acceptable. Environmental justice statements were strongly endorsed, and justice in both its specific and general forms was a determinant of policy acceptance. In particular, ratings of the fairness of specific policies were a stronger determinant of acceptability than perceived effectiveness of the policy. Type of impact had little effect, but policies tended to be rated as more acceptable when they were framed in terms of the collective rather than the individual. Although a liberal ideology was associated with acceptance of environmental policies in general and with endorsement of environmental justice, controlling for endorsement of environmental justice eliminated the effect of political ideology in most, but not all, cases. Implications for policy support are discussed.     

Political Environments and Implementation Failures: The Case of Superfund Enforcement*

The Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund enforcement program is examined to test the hypothesis that change in the political environment contributes to implementation failure. Agency achievements are evaluated under two enforcement strategies: a Burford strategy dominated by the Reagan administration deregulatory agenda and a Ruckelshaus/Thomas strategy that is more in keeping with the Agency's initial pro-regulatory legislative mandate. The latter strategy is found to be more effective in terms of quantitative and qualitative enforcement outcome measures. This supports the conclusion that the systematic intrusion of deregulatory politics into enforcement strategy formulation contributed to Superfund failure.     

论教育客体的本位意识在学校思想政治工作中的应用

学校思想政治工作的方法是随着社会的发展而完善,这是由其学科的性质和特殊性所决定的,因此要不断探索新的工作方法来充实和丰富学校思想政治工作的方法体系。增强教育客体的本位意识是开展学校思想政治工作的必然要求,是时代发展和教育客体自身特点决定的,也是当前学校思想政治工作的现状和教育方针等的时代选择。     

Symbolic Hate: Intention to Intimidate,Political Ideology,and Group Association

In Virginia v. Black (123 S.Ct. 1536, 2003), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did not bar statutes that prohibit cross burnings in which defendants acted with intention to intimidate others. Using a variety of symbols including cross burnings, swastikas, confederate flags, and skin fists, the current research tested how mock jurors used alternative actor intentions to judge culpability in symbolic hate speech cases. Only partially validating the Court’s assumptions, participants rated guilt certainty highest when they believed the speakers conveyed direct threats, sometimes regardless of whether defendants intended to intimidate others. Further, results showed the level of perceived intimidation only partially mediated the relationship between type of fact pattern and guilt certainty ratings. While alternative intentions did produce different levels of intention to intimidate, path analysis showed that the participants’ ratings of the defendant’s intention to convey a direct threat influenced guilt certainty ratings in all cases. Perceived intimidation levels predicted culpability in only some of the cases and not for cross burning on private property.

Pathways to Power: The Role of Preparliamentary Careers and Political Human Capital in the Obtainment of Cabinet Positions

Understanding the rise to power is central to the study of politics. Yet, we still know little about the career paths of influential politicians like ministers. The literature assumes that dominant preparliamentary occupations (e.g., lawyer, local offices) predict promotion. We move beyond this potential ecological fallacy and suggest a perspective that emphasizes the role of gatekeepers and political human capital like national political experience and education. We leverage complete career data of all Dutch MPs (N = 1,263; 1945–2012) and study their (N = 4,966) opportunities to obtain a cabinet position. A sequence analysis with fuzzy clustering reveals eight career paths in both the professional and political domain. A logistic regression analysis that uses these career paths as predictors shows that prominent occupations and communicative experience do not constitute the pathway to ministerial power; a university education and preparliamentary national political experience do. Findings support the value of political human-capital theory to understand political promotion.     

Attachment Style and Political Ideology: A Review of Contradictory Findings

Relational attachment style—a lifespan factor whose first manifestation at the age of 6 months continues into old age—has recently been theoretically and empirically linked to political ideology. A review of the literature that links these two constructs reveals a conflicting pattern. Secure attachment is predominantly associated with liberalism and its covariates, although the relationship is not robust, and there are some exceptions. Insecure avoidant attachment is associated with both liberalism and conservatism, along with their respective covariates. Finally, insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment is associated with covariates of conservatism. We propose a tentative distinction between motivational conceptualizations of attachment as a relational need and of attachment as a relational habit, which may help to clarify the relationship between attachment style and political ideology.     

Disentangling the Role of Ideology and Partisanship in Legislative Voting: Evidence from Argentina

We present a novel approach to disentangle the effects of ideology, partisanship, and constituency pressures on roll‐call voting. First, we place voters and legislators on a common ideological space. Next, we use roll‐call data to identify the partisan influence on legislators' behavior. Finally, we use a structural equation model to account for these separate effects on legislative voting. We rely on public opinion data and a survey of Argentine legislators conducted in 2007–08. Our findings indicate that partisanship is the most important determinant of legislative voting, leaving little room for personal ideological position to affect legislators' behavior.     

Judicial Decision-Making,Ideology and the Political: Towards an Agonistic Theory of Adjudication

Law and Critique - The present paper puts forward a first outline of a possible agonistic theory of adjudication, conceived of as an extension of Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic theory of...     

试论人大制度作用在法律文本与政治现实上的不对称

政治文明的精髓是关键在于制度建设.作为我国根本政治制度和民主政治建设重要载体的人大制度,在社会主义政治文明建设中具有无可替代的重要作用,但其作用在法律文本与政治现实上存在明显的不对称,需要通过优化人大工作环境、完善根本政治制度、扩大公民政治参与等途径,使人大制度作用得以充分发挥,从而推进社会主义政治文明建设.     

中国社会主义意识形态对法治发展的主导

中国的法治发展不能脱离历史唯物主义关于经济基础决定上层建筑的客观规律,中国共产党的执政思想基于对社会存在的客观分析,形成科学的意识形态。本文将从法治发展的合法性源于社会主义意识形态,中国共产党通过意识形态领导法治发展,社会主义意识形态塑造了当代中国法治发展的自主品格几个方面的论述为依据,试图阐述社会主义意识形态对当代中国法治发展的主导作用。     

The Complexity of Policy Preferences: Examining Self-interest,Group-Interest,and Race Consciousness Across Race and Political Ideology

Social Justice Research - Research on attitudes toward racial policies has often been limited to a single racial group (e.g., either Whites or Blacks). These studies often focus on the role of...     

Off with their Heads: The Need to Criminalize some forms of Scientific Misconduct

Improvement in policy for the management of scientific misconduct has been slow. While assurance of due process at the ORI level is now in place, similar protections at the institutional level and institutional responsibility for further oversight and a workplace where the responsible conduct of research can be practiced have not yet been addressed. In contrast, policy regarding human subject protection has evolved rapidly to reflect firmer norms, with decisive priority given to subject protection over scientific or social needs. Perhaps because scientific misconduct policy has the potential to harm the careers of individual scientists and harms to individual subjects are thought to be indirect, the scientific community has been successful in blocking every move toward testing more rigorous regulation. The mantras that scientists can discipline their own, and the price of competitive science is some level of scientific misconduct are not persuasive. The standards by which science is judged should not be an exception to those governing others who deal with the public's money and have a duty to the public interest.     

法治型政治文化与当代中国的政治发展

同步于第三波民主化浪潮、受益于冷战后全球化发展的改革开放,不仅使中国成功地经受住了由西方发起并主导的全球化与民主化的双重冲击,而且还极大地促进了中国的政治稳定、经济发展和社会进步。作为中国政治发展的重要思想来源,当代中国政治文化既与传统政治文化一脉相承,又深受西方政治文化的影响,其在转型过程中保持了极大的主动性和渐进性。在全面推进依法治国的新时期,中国政治文化的转型将以契合法治中国建设为动力,在不断地向法治型政治文化转变和发展的过程中,有力促进中国的政治发展。这种主动性与渐进性的法治型政治文化的转型,既是维护中国改革开放成果的重要保证,也是推动中国政治发展现代化的重要基石。     

如何评价司法鉴定结论的科学性

司法鉴定结论是诉讼证据之一,其是否真实、可信;其证明力有多大;人们依据什么来评价它,这是司法界一直关注、讨论、研究的热点。笔者结合自己的司法实践,从鉴定原理、鉴定种类划分、鉴定材料、客体特征等方面阐述了评价司法鉴定结论的科学性。     

见危救助义务的正当性分析

我国尚无关于见危救助义务的立法,从欧美国家的立法来看,对见危救助义务持有截然不同的态度。见危救助义务的法律化可以从三个方面得到论证:被救助人基于人权有权获得救助,救助人基于社群责任有义务提供救助,而基于以上两个前提救助义务的法律化并不存在重大理论障碍,也并非对个人自由的侵犯。     

网络链接中的知识产权问题研究

网络链接作为一种新技术,引发了一些法律层面的思考,由于链接的技术特性．使得这些法律的争议集中在了版权、商标权和反不正当竞争等知识产权问题上,撰写此文的目的就是为了阐述这些与链接有关的知识产权问题。