Estopped by Grand Playsaunce: Flann O'Brien's Post-colonial Lore

This article seeks to extend our understanding of the Irish writer Flann O'Brien (Myles na gCopaleen, Brian O'Nolan) by reading him from a Law and Literature perspective. I suggest that O'Nolan's painstaking and picky mind, with its attention to linguistic nuance, was logically drawn to the languages of law. In this he confirmed the character that he showed as a civil servant of the cautious, book-keeping Irish Free State. The Free State, like other post-colonial entities, was marked at once by a rhetoric of rupture from the colonial dispensation and by a degree of legal and political continuity. I suggest that O'Nolan's writing works away at both these aspects of the state, alternating between critical and utopian perspectives.
After establishing an initial context, I undertake a close reading of O'Nolan's parodies of actual legal procedure, focusing on questions of language and censorship. I then consider his critical work on the issue of Irish sovereignty, placing this in its post-colonial historical context. Finally I describe O'Nolan's treatment of Eamon de Valera's 1937 Constitution. I propose that his attention to textual detail prefigures in comic form the substantial rereadings of the Constitution that have been made in the last half-century.     

The Privatization of Public Legal Rights: How Manufacturers Construct the Meaning of Consumer Law

This article demonstrates how the content and meaning of California's consumer protection laws were shaped by automobile manufacturers, the very group these laws were designed to regulate. My analysis draws on and links two literatures that examine the relationship between law and organizations but often overlook one another: political science studies of how businesses influence public legal institutions, and neo-institutional sociology studies of how organizations shape law within their organizational field. By integrating these literatures, I develop an "institutional-political" theory that demonstrates how organizations' construction of law and compliance within an organizational field shapes the meaning of law among legislators and judges. This study examines case law and more than 35 years of California legislative history concerning its consumer warranty laws. Using institutional and political analysis, I show how auto manufacturers, who were initially subject to powerful consumer protection laws, weakened the impact of these laws by creating dispute resolution venues. The legislature and courts subsequently incorporated private dispute resolution venues into statutes and court decisions and made consumer rights and remedies largely contingent on consumers first using manufacturer-sponsored venues. Organizational venue creation resulted in public legal rights being redefined and controlled by private organizations.     

‘Done to death by father or relatives’: Irish families and infanticide cases, 1922–1950

In February 1929 the Bishop of Ossory commented on the fact that in Ireland illegitimate infants were often ‘done to death by father or relatives’ (Irish Catholic, 16 February 1929). There were many instances where family members of unmarried women who gave birth were the sole defendants or co-defendants in infanticide cases in post-independent Ireland. Although illegitimate infants were ‘done to death’ by their fathers in a number of cases that were tried at the Central Criminal Court in Dublin between 1922 and 1950, this article will focus on cases where infants were murdered or suspected of having been murdered by relatives of the birth mother both in the Twenty-Six Counties and in Northern Ireland (Irish Catholic, 16 February 1929). For the purposes of this article I have referred to the murder of illegitimate infants as ‘infanticide’ even though there was no separate charge of infanticide in the Irish Free State until 1949. The English infanticide acts of 1922 and 1938 also applied to Northern Ireland. This article discusses the motives of the relatives of single mothers who played a part in the deaths of illegitimate infants. Unmarried motherhood was severely frowned upon in Ireland and the relatives of single pregnant women assisted their female kin in destroying the evidence of extra-marital conception in order to protect the family's honour and moral reputation in the wider community. The records of infanticide trials provide a great deal of insight into the ways in which mainly working-class families dealt with the strain of pregnancy outside wedlock in Ireland between 1922 and 1950.     

美国宪法所体现的平衡原则

美国宪法是一部对世界格局影响深远的杰作。本文分析了美国宪法制订的背景,以及美国宪法运作成功的重要因素——其自身蕴含的平衡机制。在美国宪法制订过程中,宪法制定者们最重视的就是各种因素之间的平衡,其核心是参议院与众议院之间的平衡,立法权、行政权和司法权三者之间的平衡、州与联邦之间的平衡,其中这一切平衡都以人民主权为基础。     

Mothers,Maidens and the Myth of Origins in the Irish Constitution

This article examines the ``hidden' ideological appeal which the 1937 Irish Constitution attempted to make by the invocation of the rural ideal, a hybrid of Irish nationalism, Catholicism and, most importantly, Gaelic romanticism. In this move, the historical legitimacy of the new state could be defined through the constitution by an appropriation of diverse symbols from an imagined past, a golden age of Gaelic unity and moral certainties. Particular attention will be paid to the image of woman as a representation of the nation in the 1937 Constitution, and to the context of Irish nationalist discourse generally, where she repeatedly appears in the archetypal forms of either mother or virgin. The predominance of the image of woman as mother in the Constitution, in contrast to her appearance in pre-independence nationalist discourse (where she regularly figured as a combination of mother, helpless maiden, seductress and destroyer) will be examined in terms of the Lacanian themes of Lack and jouissance (or enjoyment). This cultural (and legal) shift will be examined in terms of the renunciation of enjoyment inherent in this new national imagery, and in relation to the redemptive potential of the image of woman as mother; themes which appear significant in relation to post-colonial political formations generally, and to post-independence Irish political discourse in particular.     

The President’s power to withhold assent to Bills of Parliament

In terms of Article 64 of the Namibian Constitution, the President may withhold his or her assent to a Bill passed by Parliament on constitutional grounds, and may refer such Bill to a competent court for a decision. The strength of Article 64 is rooted in the fact that legislative proposal, which is not yet law, can be challenged for constitutionality. The power of the President is comparable with systems in South Africa, Ireland and India. This article examines the extent to which the executive, represented by the President, acts as a constitutional check on the legislative, represented by Parliament.     

Police accountability and the Irish law of evidence

Common law courts have differed on whether and to what extent an exclusionary rule should be used as a tool to impose standards on the police. The Irish courts have pursued an uncompromising approach in this area. Basing themselves on the imperative of upholding the constitutional rights of the accused, they have been willing to exclude relevant and cogent evidence on the basis that it was obtained by the police in breach of those rights. This article locates the Irish constitutional exclusionary rule in the broader context of the role of the law of evidence in police governance. Citing specific examples from the Irish legislation and case law, it shows how recent legislative interventions and some judicial hesitancy have fuelled inconsistent and contradictory trends. It concludes that there is now a pressing need for reflection on the respective roles of the legislature and the courts in this area.     

Reforming the Market or the State? Article 30 and the European Constitution: Economic Freedom and Political Rights

This article takes as its starting-point the relationship between Article 30 of 30 of the EC Treaty (general rule on the free movement of goods) and the European Constitution. On the one hand, it examines Article 30 in the context of the constitutional dilemmas facing the European Union, particularly the balance of powers to be defined between Member States and the Union, between public power and the market, and between the legitimacy of Community law vis à vis that of national law. On the other hand, it reviews different conceptions of the European Economic Constitution by analysing the role of Article 30 in the review of market regulation.     

COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE IN THE CANADIAN LANDSCAPE

This article looks at the growth of collaborative practice in Canada in the last decade and the legal and Canadian cultural underpinnings influencing this growth. Government recognition of and support for collaborative process has come from both the federal and provincial governments. Statutory support in family law statutes and in ethical standards for lawyers encourage alternate dispute resolution and have helped normalize consensual dispute resolution options. The article also looks at decisions from Canadian courts relating to the practice of collaborative law, including the confidentiality of collaborative process negotiations as set out in the participation agreement and the standard of care necessary for collaborative lawyers.     

Public Records Fees Hidden in the Law: A Study of Conflicting Judicial Approaches to the Determination of the Scope of Imposable Public Records Fees

The number of public records requests has significantly increased in recent years, burdening authorities with limited resources and manpower. State and local governments argue that they should be allowed to recoup more fees to recover the costs incurred for processing public records requests, but many commentators warn that exorbitant fees can function as a tactic of delay and intimidation. This article reviews public records statutes, case law and recent legislative reform efforts concerning the determination of the scope of public records fees, finding that unclear statutory language and widely different approaches have made the determination of public records fees difficult. The study argues that statutory reform is called for in order to clearly delineate the specific tasks for which public records fees can be imposed.     

La responsabilidad patrimonial del estado legislador en el derecho español

This article analyzes the figure of the liability of the State legislature that, unlike the responsibility of the Public Administration and the Administration of Justice, under the Spanish Constitution, in the case of the legislature, its development in terms of key features and requirements, has been made by the Supreme Court, taking into account, as necessary, the European Union law. This responsibility of the State legislature may have two origins, depending essentially on the monitoring charge is used to test the law in question, the Spanish Constitution and the European Union law.     

从就业保障权看我国劳动法

就业保障权是我国宪法保护的工作权的衍生权利。国际法对此权利的丰富内涵已有明确的标准。以这些国际标准为基准,分析我国现行劳动法对就业保障权的保护程度,并分别从反对任意解雇,限制固定期限合同,提高就业能力三方面对劳动法条文及其实践进行了考察。     

作为根本法的宪法:何谓根本

根本法是盛行于17世纪英国的一个古老概念,表达了统治者须受制于外在权威这一理念,后在主权概念的冲击下衰落。18世纪美国复兴这一观念,根本法成文化为宪法,它强调约束主权的根本法与约束个人行为的普通法律之间的区别,发展了法院实施宪法保障根本法地位的机制,完成了根本法的法律化。德国根本法是真实和实定的协定。根本法概念其后注入基本权保障元素。我国民国和新中国宪法学都继受了这一概念。新中国宪法学理论的根本法观念侧重于强调宪法与普通法律的区别、宪法作为普通法律的立法基础、宪法的优位地位,但基本权保障未得到应有重视,司法实施宪法保障根本法的机制亦不健全。鉴于宪法的政治性,须重新恢复根本法和普通法律的区别,完成当代司法审查和现代宪法维护社会基本价值的使命。     

Tailoring Representative Democracy to the European Union: Does the European Constitution Reduce the Democratic Deficit?

Abstract Even if the institutions of representative democracy that have developed in the nation‐state context cannot be simply transposed to the European Union, for practical and normative reasons they do provide the main starting point for any reflection on the EU's ‘democratic deficit’. This article draws upon the Constitution prepared by the European Convention to reconstruct the concept of representative democracy in the EU. Drawing on the proposals put forward, it identifies two distinctive challenges that need to be overcome if the concept of representative democracy is to be successfully applied to the EU: the multilevel character of the polity and the shift of the centre of political gravity from legislative to executive politics. The article then examines the extent to which the institutional proposals contained in the Constitution go to meet these two challenges and also highlights some aspects in which these proposals fall short.     

美国电子商务法评析

美国各地及企业集团的利益之争 ,是美国目前电子商务立法分歧的重要原因 ,而立法的统一化 ,则是其电子商务法的必然趋势 ,无论是通过联邦立法 ,还是走统一州法的道路。在借鉴美国电子商务法的经验方面加州的技术中立原则和尤他州的政府干预方法 ,值得参考。     

Advanced directives,the right to die and the common law: recent problems with blood transfusions

The Australian common law suffers from a lack of judicial authority on the right to die, in particular the right of patients to make anticipatory decisions to refuse treatment. Recent cases concerning the right of patients to refuse life-saving blood transfusions have highlighted the need for a substantial judicial clarification of this area. This article critically examines one of the most recent Australian cases in detail and compares its approach with those from other common countries. After taking this comparative analysis the article puts forth a common law model of anticipatory decision-making and examines how that model might work in the context of current legislative frameworks.     

试论国家赔偿法中立法赔偿制度之构建

我国宪法第41条规定:由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人,有依照法律取得赔偿的权利。但目前的《国家赔偿法》只规定了对于行政和司法机关侵权行为的赔偿,而将立法机关的立法行为排除在外。从理论上讲,立法机关同样存在着侵犯公民权益的可能性;从国外的制度比较来看,法国德国都存在着立法赔偿责任制度。因此有必要检讨我国《国家赔偿法》排除这一赔偿的原因,论证我国纳入立法赔偿的可行性。     

The Best Interests of Children in the South African Constitution

The welfare principle in cases involving children has been incorporatedin the Bill of Rights of the 1996 South African Constitution,while also remaining a principle of common law. This articleinvestigates the effects of including the best interests principlein the Constitution. It examines, first, whether the best interestsprinciple is a constitutional right, a value, an interpretativetool or a rule of law and argues that, although courts describeit as a right, it is not treated as such. In fact, courts oftenuse the best interests principle to avoid dealing with otherconstitutional rights of children and family members. The secondpart examines the role of the constitutional welfare principlein the development of common law rules of family law and findsa great disparity between different courts, some of which ignorethe existence of the principle in the Constitution, others assumingthat it has the same meaning in the Constitution as in commonlaw and yet others using it to justify drastic changes to commonlaw. The article suggests that the inclusion of the welfareprinciple in the Constitution should have concrete effects,chiefly to direct courts to conduct a proper examination ofthe other constitutional rights of children and other familymembers.     

A study of section 3 of the Maltese Official Secrets Act,its Canadian and British counterparts and its effects on freedom of expression

This article answers the question whether s 3(1) of the Maltese Official Secrets Act breaches freedom of expression as contained in art 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights and s 41 of the Constitution of Malta. Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights is briefly analysed in the light of obtaining case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Section 3(1) of the Maltese Official Secrets Act – which finds counterparts in several Commonwealth criminal law statutes – is subsequently studied by reference to United Kingdom and Canadian case law. A freedom of expression impact assessment of s 3(1) of the Official Secrets Act is carried out with the ensuing conclusion being that only s 3(1)(c) of the Maltese Official Secrets Act might, in certain circumstances, constitute a breach of art 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights and s 41 of the Constitution of Malta.     

立法“根据宪法”无可非议——评“全国人大立法不宜根据宪法说”

梁慧星先生的《不宜》一文认定全国人大根据宪法立法抵触和违背人大制度的论点没有根据。《不宜》立论的逻辑前提不能成立,对西方国家依据宪法立法的原因的理解有误,对中国制宪过程的阐释有违史实、不合宪理。人大制度不是依任何法律产生的论断违背历史真实。全国人大行使的立法权源于宪法,最高国家权力机关有权修宪但不可违宪。《不宜》理论上陷入了严重自相矛盾的状态。主张“最高国家权力机关的权力不受宪法限制”反映的是国家主义、绝对权力的落伍观念。如果此说付诸实践,不仅将毁灭宪法、毁坏法制的基础,也将剥夺市民社会存在的空间,造成否定私法自治和严重侵犯公民私权利的法律后果。目前情况下在基本的法律中规定“根据宪法”的内容是必要而正确的举措。