加快经济一体化推动非洲发展

许多中国人习惯于将非洲大陆看作一个整体,但在现实中非洲由53个主权国家组成,市场处于严重的分割状态,阻碍了非洲国家内部贸易的往来。独立伊始,非洲国家领导人就认识到,仅靠本国单薄的经济实力,难以满足发展民族经济的需要。只有把区域范围内分散的力量联合起来,开发内部资源,互通有无,进行合作,才能克服困难,解决一些最迫切的经济问题。于是,     

非洲纳入世界体系的代价及后果

非洲是世界上最贫穷的地区,主流经济学界将其贫穷落后的原因归结于非洲政府经济政策的不力和传统农业结构的顽固不化。其实造成非洲贫弱的经济特性早在非洲纳入世界体系的过程中就已经形成了。     

Development assistance: Ruined hopes and great expectations in Africa

This paper highlights the difficulties and complexities of development assistance projects through an analysis of 2 Urban Functions in Rural Development projects conducted by the US Agency for International Development (AID) in Upper Volta and northern Cameroon in 1977-82. The general objectives of the Upper Volta project were to carry out urban function studies, develop a plan for strengthening the contributions of urban centers to rural development, develop a list of investment priorities for facilities and services, and increase the capacities of the Ministry in planning processes and methods. The 2-year project was hindered by a 1-year delay in initiating assistance due to difficulties in locating a contractor. In addition, the contractor and other team members felt there was little justification for studies of spatial organization in a country with so much evident need; rather, they focused on a small rural works program and establishment of effective local government, producing an inconsistency between team activities and the original project agreement. A request by the team to extend the project 1 year beyond its official completion date to compensate for early delays was rejected by USAID. Nonetheless, there was agreement that the project had a small positive impact in Upper Volta. Key lessons from Upper Volta were transferred to the Cameroon project. Although this project was judged to have achieved its objective of preparing a regional plan and of identifying programs for facilities, services, and small-scale enterprises, it was beset by problems of inexperience and technical underqualification of team members, poor communication, inconsistency of USAID guidelines, and methodological confusion. It is suggested that a central challenge for such programs is to create a body of qualified Americans who can work with their local counterparts in meeting the challenges of development. A measure of the success or failure of these projects should be the degree to which learning contributes to improved performance.     

Entrepreneurs,expectations and business expansion: Lessons from Lithuania

This article applies a multinomial logit estimator to investigate which factors affect SME owners' expectations to grow their businesses in Lithuania. Our findings provide evidence that SME owners' human capital (education) matters and that growth expectations are positively related to exporting. In addition, we analyse the link between the perceptions of business constraints and growth expectations and find that the factors, which are perceived as main business barriers, are not necessarily those which are associated with reduced growth expectations. However, perceptions of corruption seem to affect growth expectations the most.     

Africa's political boundaries: Colonial cartography,the OAU,and the advisability of ethno-national adjustment

This article challenges the notion that nation-state boundaries in Black Africa are best left intact despite their historically problematical origins and questionable ethnographic rationality. The increased energization and politicization of ethnic identity evident in much of Black Africa during the past generation call for reexamination of the boundaries inherited from colonialism. Although post-colonial nationalism has taken root in some countries, it has not, overall, provided the political cohesion to obviate the need for periodic boundary adjustments in light of prevailing political realities both within Black Africa and within the global political and economic systems. The underlying social and political forces evidently giving rise to politicized ethnic consciousness are not likely to recede in the near future. Accordingly, arguments concerning the rationality, and therefore the inviolability, of inherited boundaries, must be understood in light of political circumstances which have evolved during the first generation of independence from colonial rule.     

Terrorism in Britain: Threat,reality, response

Abstract

As international terrorism has intensified worldwide during the last two decades, Britain has become a primary target. Internationally, it is vulnerable because of its position as a leading member of the Western European Community; and domestically, it continues to be a target of the IRA's exportation of violence from Northern Ireland to England.

In an effort to confront this rise in international and domestic terrorism, Britain has proven herself willing and able to respond. This response has incorporated antiterrorist legislation, strong administrative measures, and an outstanding special military unit.     

Gulick and the american presidency: vision,reality, and consequences

One of Luther Gulick's most significant legacies was his conception of the executive. This chapter explores the nature and origins of that conception and shows how it coincided with President Franklin Roosevelt's notions for altering the powers of the presidency. These two conceptions came together in the Brownlow Committee's recommendations and their subsequent promulgation in the Executive Reorganization Act of 1939.

Gulick's notions of an executive were derived from the city manager, a different executive than any with which the authors of the Constitution were familiar. It thus contributed to one of the most profound changes in our Constitution, reshaped our notion of the presidency, crystallized a new public philosophy about how we govern ourselves, and entrenched a conventional wisdom that underlies the practice of public administration. These results spawned an alliance between presidents, who found it useful to portray themselves as powerful chief executive officers buttressed by the potent symbols of science and efficiency and the nascent field of public administration which gained legitimacy as the obedient scientific managers of the president. An alliance, however, which could not survive the changes of constituencies that began to emerge in the late 1960s.

The presidency has evolved from managerial to plebiscitary and finally to highly politicized with a variety of potentialities not all of which can be viewed as benign, but all of which leave public administration without a role that is simultaneously legitimate and which encompasses the complexity and discretion dictated by our circumstances. The chapter closes with lessons we might draw from Luther Gulick's life and apply to our efforts to fashion a new role for public administration in a government of shared powers.     

Research and Development,Competitiveness and European Integration of South Eastern Europe

This article explores the relationship between research and development (R&D) and competitiveness of South East European (SEE) economies from the perspective of European Union (EU) integration. Specifically, the article addresses the question of whether South East Europe is a potential asset or liability to the enlarged EU. SEE countries are quite diverse in terms of levels of competitiveness, with visible effects on the role of R&D, which is confirmed by analysis of R&D demand and supply factors. Improvements in the national innovation systems of SEE countries have largely taken place through vertical linkages on the supply and demand sides. However, a wider role for R&D will depend increasingly on the strength of horizontal linkages within national systems of innovation and their key agent—the local innovative business enterprise sector. This calls for a rethinking of science and technology policy, traditionally defined as a sectoral activity.     

Los Angeles Urban processes: The tension among myths,high expectations,and minimal satisfaction

20th Century Los Angeles: Power, Promotion, and Social Conflict. Edited by Norman M. Klein and Martin J. Schiesl. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1990. Pp.240. $12.95.

City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. By Mike Davis. Verso, 1990. Pp.462. £19.95 hb, £8.99 pb.

Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World. By David Rieff. New York: Cape, 1992. Pp.270. £17.99.

Sex, Death and God in L.A.. Edited by David Reid. New York: Pantheon, 1992. Pp.356. $23.     

Competition and health care policy: experience and expectations

Since 1970 federal policymakers have tried to strengthen competition and incentive-based market forces as alternatives to regulation in containing health costs. The effort to stimulate the growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) throughout the country has had limited results, and federal plans to promote competition by enacting changes in the health insurance market have so far come to little. Coalitions in some localities have shown growing interest in flexible HMO variants, however, and the intellectual force of the HMO critique of mainstream practices remains strong. Moreover, the federal government has shown new interest in prospective reimbursement of hospitals--a proposal that draws from both HMOs--competition--and hospital rate-setting programs--regulation--the element of prospectivity.     

Skill Development and Regional Mobility: Lessons from the Australia-Pacific Technical College

Developing countries can lose part of their investment in training skilled workers who later emigrate. One innovative response is for migrants’ destination countries to help finance skilled emigrants’ training ex ante – linking skill creation and skill mobility. We describe one such project, the Australia-Pacific Technical College (APTC), which has financed vocational training in five Pacific island developing countries for employment both at home and abroad – including employment in Australia. The APTC has attained its goal of skill creation, but not its goal of skill mobility. We offer explanations for this result and lessons for future policy innovation.     

Privatization in developing countries: ideal and reality

In both developed and developing countries, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by government has extended widely, covering many goods which do not meet the purist's definition of “public” goods. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sector's performance as producer. Critics of this rapid growth argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector replace many current public sector activities, that is, that services be privatized. Since Ronald Reagan took office greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States. Paralleling this trend has been a strong endorsement by international and bilateral donor agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries.

However, the political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence purported to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing countries.

In this paper we present a study of privatization using the case of Honduras. We examine the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. The purpose of our study is threefold. First, we test key hypotheses pertaining to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality. Second, we identify major factors which affect the performance of this privatization approach. Third, we document the impact of privatization as it influences the political and institutional settings of Honduras. Our main finding is that contracting out in Honduras has not led to the common expectations of its proponents because of institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the market. These findings suggest that privatization can not produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers also need to consider carefully multiple objectives at the national level in making decisions about privatization.     

苏丹：站在统与分的十字路口——苏丹北南关系的历史演变和发展前景

1月9—15日,苏丹南方举行公投,决定留在统一的苏丹内还是成为独立国家。此次公投是落实苏北南双方2005年签署的《全面和平协议》的重要步骤,将决定苏丹这个非洲面积最大的国家的前途命运,     

经济增长区域差异中的人力资源因素

区域经济增长取决于区域拥有的物质资本存量和人力资源存量的数量和质量,而区域的经济竞争能力越来越取决于该区域人力资源的质量.改革开放以来我国区域经济呈现出东、中、西部之间差距不断扩大的格局,较发达地区与相对落后地区经济差距拉大的马太效应正在引起社会的广泛关注,造成这种状况的原因很多,人力资源的区域差异是其中最重要的一个.探讨区域人力资源的差异及其成因,并制定出符合市场规则的人力资源配置对解决目前日益扩大的地区差距有着重要的意义.     

The Role of FDI,Exports and Spillover Effects in the Regional Development of China

The objective of this analysis is to assess the impacts of export expansion, inward FDI, domestic investment and labour on the growth of China's Eastern, Central and Western regions using panel data over the period 1984 to 1998. A major contribution of the study is its tests for the presence of interregional spillover effects. The study indicates that both inward FDI and domestic investment stimulate growth in all three regions and for the PRC as a whole and that export expansion stimulates the growth of the PRC, Eastern and Central China, but not the West. Labour enhances the growth of the more traditional Western region, but not the more capital intensive Eastern seaboard or the PRC in its entirety. Finally, output growth spills over from the East to Western and Central China and from the Central area to Western China. These results are fully explained in the text.