Teenage Drivers and Fatal Crash Responsibility

Data from national files on fatal crashes are analyzed to reveal that young drivers, especially sixteen and seventeen year olds, are more often responsible for fatal crashes than are older drivers. This is particularly the case for young males. Moreover, those killed in crashes for which teenagers are responsible are disproportionately people other than the teenaged drivers. A possible explanation for these facts lies in the "macho" culture of teenaged males. Potential countermeasures include those directed to limiting the driving exposure of teenagers as well as technological devices to moderate the injury-producing forces in crashes.     

Injuries of the Head from Backface Deformation of Ballistic Protective Helmets Under Ballistic Impact

Modern ballistic helmets defeat penetrating bullets by energy transfer from the projectile to the helmet, producing helmet deformation. This deformation may cause severe injuries without completely perforating the helmet, termed “behind armor blunt trauma” (BABT). As helmets become lighter, the likelihood of larger helmet backface deformation under ballistic impact increases. To characterize the potential for BABT, seven postmortem human head/neck specimens wearing a ballistic protective helmet were exposed to nonperforating impact, using a 9 mm, full metal jacket, 124 grain bullet with velocities of 400–460 m/s. An increasing trend of injury severity was observed, ranging from simple linear fractures to combinations of linear and depressed fractures. Overall, the ability to identify skull fractures resulting from BABT can be used in forensic investigations. Our results demonstrate a high risk of skull fracture due to BABT and necessitate the prevention of BABT as a design factor in future generations of protective gear.     

The Cosponsorship Patterns of Reserved Seat Legislators

This study analyzes the bill cosponsorship behavior of reserved seat legislators in the Pakistan National Assembly, where special legislative seats are reserved for women and religious minorities. It offers a critical case because two theories on reserved seat legislators—the theory of electoral incentives and the theory of institutional weakness—lead to opposite predictions about the extent to which such legislators will engage in bill cosponsorship, with the former (latter) predicting the negative (positive) effect of reserved seats. I find that women and minorities in reserved seats initiate a greater number of bills and cosponsor bills with a larger number of peers than nonreserved male legislators. Using network analysis, I also show that reserved legislators tend to play a role in bridging different partisan blocs of legislators within the cosponsorship network. These empirical patterns provide support to the theory of institutional weakness, rather than to the theory of electoral incentives.     

汽车“碰瓷”行为定性研究

碰瓷行为具有危害公共安全的性质，而事后未进行索财的，其行为单独成立以危险方法危害公共安全罪。如果碰瓷行为具有危害公共安全的性质，而事后又进行索财的，其行为同时触犯了以危险方法危害公共安全罪和侵犯财产犯罪，应当根据牵连犯的处罚原则处理。如果碰瓷行为不具有危害公共安全的性质，但行为人实施了诈骗、敲诈勒索、故意毁坏财物、保险诈骗等索财行为的，应结合案件情况确定应单独适用的罪名。     

基于多信息融合的多车事故碰撞过程分析方法

多车事故由于发生多次碰撞导致痕迹叠加、错乱,碰撞过程分析存在较大技术困难,事故再现难以推进.介绍了基于痕迹的碰撞事故过程一般分析方法,重点针对多车碰撞事故,提出将痕迹、EDR、微量物证、视频/音频等信息要素融合的分析思路及方法,通过一起高速公路多车事故案例,进行了方法的实证分析,表明基于多信息融合的多车事故碰撞过程分析...     

车辆碰撞护栏事故车速分析的方法

车辆碰撞护栏是高速公路上常见的一类事故,主要有两种常用的车速分析方法,即法向弹性恢复系数法和切向摩擦系数法。但是由于高速公路上,车速较快,经常有车辆冲出道路,在此情况下,提出一种基于护栏变形能量的车速分析方法,用来计算车辆碰撞护栏时的最低速度,并通过实例进行了验证。     

Seat belts and human rights: an appraisal

Mandatory seat belt legislation has been passed in 15 states. Accompanying this action has been a deluge of information concerning the lives saved and the injuries prevented by the wearing of seat belts by the front seat passengers in automobiles. This study presents data relating to the injuries and deaths attributable to their usage. There is virtually no major area of the adult body that has escaped such involvement. Mechanisms by which seat belt injury is effected are described in relation to the restraint systems currently available in the United States and abroad.     

After the Crash: A Perspective on Multilevel European Democracy

From a social‐market perspective, European integration has reduced the capacity of democratic politics to deal with the challenges of global capitalism, and it has contributed to rising social inequality. The article summarises the institutional asymmetries which have done most to constrain democratic political choices and to shift the balance between capital, labour and the state: the priority of negative over positive integration and of monetary integration over political and social integration. It will then explain why efforts to democratise European politics will not be able to overcome these asymmetries and why politically feasible reforms will not be able to remove them. On the speculative assumption that the aftermath of a deep crisis might indeed create the window of opportunity for a political re‐foundation of European integration, the concluding section will outline institutional ground rules that might facilitate democratic political action at both European and national levels.     

对包头空难赔偿相关法律问题的思考

2004年11月21日,东方航空股份有限公司的一驾飞机在内蒙包头市南海公园失事,乘客和机组人员及地面人员55人全部遇难。2004年11月27日,东航公司向包头空难者家属发出了《致罹难旅客家属的一封信》,该信中称,根据1993年国务院颁布的第132号令,民用航空运输旅客伤亡赔偿最高限额为     

全球化与民族主义

全球化与民族主义虽然是当代世界两种对立的潮流，但从历史的角度看，它们其实渊源于同一母体－－现代化及其所包含的内在矛盾。从更深的理论层面看，这两大潮流又是普遍与特殊、一般与个别的对立统一关系的显现。它们之间既相互影响、互相制约，又相辅相成，互为对方的发展提供刺激。无论是全球化还是民族主义，我们都既要看到其积极方面，更要看到其负面因素。     

Law And Sovereignty

How is it possible that the idea of sovereignty still features in legal and political philosophy? Most contemporary political philosophers have little use for the idea of ‘unlimited’ or ‘absolute’ power, which is how sovereignty is normally defined. A closer look at sovereignty identifies two possible accounts: sovereignty as the fact of power or sovereignty as a title to govern. The first option, which was pursued by John Austin’s command theory of law, leads to an unfamiliar view of law and the state, which was justly criticised by H. L. A. Hart. The second option, leads to a paradox, because under this view sovereignty is both limited and unlimited. Hence, this argument shows that law and sovereignty are actually incompatible. Where there is law there is no sovereignty, and where there is sovereignty there is no law.     

Juvenile Criminality And Semi-Criminality: Learning From Victorian Perceptions And Responses

This article focuses on media reportage of offensive juveniles, past and present, to elicit lessons that the twenty-first century can learn from the Victorian past in terms of diversionary responses. How to prevent vulnerable juveniles sliding into dangerous criminality is a continuing preoccupation: the issue explored in this article relates to the creation of the identity of the criminal juvenile. In utilising the concept of semi-criminality to label certain types of juvenile anti-social behaviour the Victorians avoided actual criminalisation of socially offensive but, in legal terms, minor behaviours. The reasons for and negative consequences of the abandonment of this concept by the modern age are explored, including the reconceptualisation of where responsibility for juvenile offending lies in the modern era.     

《劳动合同法》与劳动者合法权益的保护

经过数年的起草和拟定工作,《劳动合同法(草案)》已于2006年3月20日由全国人大常委会办公厅公布,向全国征集意见,本文围绕《劳动合同法》一些重要问题,如《劳动合同法》在劳动法律体系中的地位及立法宗旨、进一步完善《劳动合同法(草案)》的建议等进行了探讨。     

危机应对与财税法的有效发展

我国为应对经济危机所采行的大量财税政策成效甚为显著,但在财税的立法体制、权力行使、透明度、程序保障、法律意识和法治观念方面却存在突出问题,已直接影响财税法的有效发展,必须系统解决;危机应对与财税法的有效发展之间具有内在关联,尤其要求加强财税法领域的风险防控、信息披露、情事变更、财税调控等理论的研究,以更好地推进财税法治,促进经济与社会的良性运行和协调发展。     

Injury Pattern as an Indication of Seat Belt Failure in Ejected Vehicle Occupants

Prior authors have suggested that when occupant ejection occurs in association with a seat belt failure, entanglement of the outboard upper extremity (OUE) with the retracting shoulder belt will invariably occur, leaving injury pattern evidence of belt use. In the present investigation, the authors assessed this theory using data accessed from the NASS‐CDS for ejected front seat occupants of passenger vehicles. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between seat belt failure status and injuries. Injury types associated with seat belt failure were significant OUE and head injuries (OR = 3.87, [95% CI 1.2, 13.0] and 3.1, [95% CI 1.0, 9.7], respectively). The two injury types were found to be a predictor of seat belt use and subsequent failure only if combined with a high (≥0.8) precrash probability of belt use. The injury pattern associated with a seat belt failure‐related ejection has limited use in the forensic investigation of crash‐related ejections.