欧亚经济联盟框架下海关管控领域犯罪及其刑法规制路径研究

欧亚经济联盟作为复杂的跨国组织机构,其经济体系刑法保护机制的构建必须具备一定前提,即应当对各成员国所面临的现实经济安全威胁及其预防的基本方向进行详实分析,并在此基础上制定和实施切实可行的刑法规制路径,构建欧亚经济安全保障新理念。欧亚经济联盟框架内的动态整合过程,不仅影响各成员国内国政治、经济、社会、法律等领域的发展进程,而且使得打击海关领域犯罪成为各成员国的紧迫任务。海关管控领域的常发型犯罪对同属于"关税同盟"和"欧亚经济联盟"国家的经济安全造成严重威胁。欧亚经济联盟成员国应当在公平正义和罪刑相称原则的基础上,修订本国经济活动领域和海关管控领域犯罪的刑事立法规定,有效打击统一关税空间内的违法犯罪,以保障各成员国的内国经济安全。     

欧亚经济联盟的多重一体化目标及其法治困境

欧亚经济联盟作为区域一体化组织中的新成员,其政治、经济、社会、法律、文化等多重一体化的目标趋势与愿望在不同领域表现出功能性差异,即经济的先导性、政治的战略性、社会认同性、法律保障性、文化融通性等。在全球治理、互联互通和全球产业链正在生成的背景下,如何立足联盟多重发展目标,更好地发挥出欧亚经济联盟的应有作用,尚存诸多法治困境:从超国家制度与主权国家制度的衔接到成员国间的基础性不平衡对一致性规则形成的制约,再到联盟法律与成员国法律对接的阻却性因素的存在,以及联盟从初级一体化规则向高级一体化规则演进的迫切需求等。面向未来,欧亚经济联盟呈现出初级、中级和高级三阶段过程性发展的趋势,基于历史文化的多重合法性根基将促动多重一体化目标的实现,同时决定在国际法治与国内法治的交错并存中构建联盟法制机制,并促动规则治理的深化均是可期的。     

欧亚经济联盟运行机制及其法治化路径

欧亚经济联盟作为近年来一个新兴的区域经济一体化组织,已经成为推动欧亚地区经济发展的重要力量,它以《欧亚经济联盟条约》为法律基础,并形成了以决策机制、关税同盟、争议和纠纷解决机制为主要内容的联盟运行机制。在具体运行中,由于大国政治、经济因素,决策机制出现了俄罗斯主导倾向,关税同盟存在着统一关税执行难、关税分配不平衡的困境,纠纷解决机制中的司法主权冲突问题。发展欧亚经济联盟需要将其运行机制朝向法治化方向发展,包括夯实联盟运行的法治化基础、强化主权平等下的决策机制、利益合理分享的关税同盟,以及联盟与成员国司法权平衡。欧亚经济联盟对中国"一带一路"具有极大影响,在法律框架下将两大项目对接是共同发展的最优选择,也是中国与欧亚经济联盟共赢的法治途径。     

Priority goals in international co-operation of the Republic of Serbia in the field of environment and sustainable development

The paper points to the significance of some factors of international co-operation in the field of environment and sustainable development as a general framework for understanding of the fundamental goals in international co-operation of the Republic of Serbia (RS). It is especially pointed to the place and importance of the activities that are carried out in the European Union (EU), to the harmonisation of national legislation with EU legislation including regulations in the field of climate change, to the significance of international environmental agreements and various forms of global, regional, subregional and bilateral co-operation as well as to the co-operation with international financial institutions which are important for environment and sustainable development. The paper is based on the thesis that the fundamental goals in international co-operation of RS in the field of environment and sustainable development are mostly determined by the “European perspective” of RS and in accordance with this, with global trends in the contemporary environmental and sustainable development policy and law. Opening the prospect of the EU membership (potential candidate status and the status of the candidate for EU membership) has resulted in the acceleration of the process of harmonisation of national legislation with the EU’s as well as speeding up the process of ratification of the international treaties in the field of the environmental protection.     

论欧盟法对欧盟成员国的效力

作为目前世界上最成熟和最发达的区域性国际组织,欧盟在很多方面有值得其他国际组织借鉴的地方。本文主要探讨了欧盟法对欧盟成员国的效力的问题。其中包括了欧盟法对欧盟成员国的时间效力范围和空间效力范围、欧盟法的效力优于欧盟成员国国内法、欧盟法在欧盟成员国的直接效力和间接效力以及欧盟法律与欧盟成员国法律之间的配合关系效力,以希望从中可以引出一些有益的启示。     

国际通信法:界域、主体及架构

国际通信法是现代国际法专业化发展的产物,其界域包括两类通信领域的国际事务:一是国际通信活动的规制,二是通信制度的国际协调;其主体具有鲜明的多元化特征,被国际通信法赋予国际人格并参加国际通信法律关系的实体,不仅有国家和政府间国际组织,还有法人和个人。国际通信法是一个庞大的法律体系,其规范具有普遍性、区域性和双边性三个不同层次,分属国际电信联盟、万国邮政联盟、世界贸易组织等众多国际体制,归于国际通信通道法、国际通信服务法和国际通信行为法三个不同板块,由此形成了国际通信法的立体网络架构。我国通信事业的发展非常迅速,但有关通信的立法相对滞后。因此,有必要熟悉通信领域的国际规则,加强国际通信法的研究。     

Eurasian Economic Union: present and future perspectives

This paper analyzes the economic and political situation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The basic question is why it was created after the failure of all previous integration projects in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Central Asian region? The paper examines the effects and opportunities for the regional economy of economic sanctions imposed on Russia and of Russian counter-sanctions. It also analyzes relations between the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union and draws perspectives and policy implications for their future relations.     

以开放的姿态审视《鹿特丹规则》

就《鹿特丹规则》,国内外的评估意见大相径庭。该规则的意义何在,前景如何,中国应持何种态度,是否应加入公约,成为问题的焦点。建议充分肯定公约的立法宗旨,积极评价公约的先进性,审时度势,谨慎处理加入公约的问题;借鉴国际经验,完善国内立法;海运企业加强培训,敢于竞争迎接挑战,抓住机遇发展壮大;"产、学、研"三结合,深入研究海商法的相关问题,积极参与国际立法活动,增强中国的话语权,努力为国际法学的发展做贡献。     

论欧盟法在成员国的适用

欧盟法主要由欧盟与成员国签订的基础性条约、欧盟与第三国或国际组织签订的条约和欧盟通过的条例、指令和决定组成。在欧盟内部,欧盟法可以直接适用,具有直接效力,并处于优先地位。欧盟法与成员国法的关系既不同于国际法和国内法关系,也不同于联邦法与成员邦法的关系。欧盟成员国各自适用欧盟法的实践,反映了欧盟法独特的适用方式,表明国际法日益得到普遍的尊重与遵守,主权国家自觉灵活适用国际法以维护国家利益,国际组织在国际法国内适用方面发挥重要作用。这是对现代国际法的丰富与发展。     

Medical interpreting and the law in the European Union

In 2011, the Danish government announced that from June that year it would no longer cover the costs of medical interpreters for patients who had been living in Denmark for more than seven years. The Dutch Ministry of Health followed with an even more draconian approach; from 1 January 2012, the cost of translation and interpreting would no longer be covered by the state. These two announcements led to widespread concern about whether or not there is a legal foundation for interpreter provision in healthcare. This article considers United Nations treaties, conventions from the Council of Europe and European Union law. European Union member states have been slow to sign up to international agreements to protect the rights of migrant workers. The European Union itself has only recently moved into the area of discrimination and it is unclear if the Race Directive covers language. As a result, access to interpreters in healthcare, where it exists, is dependent on national anti-discrimination legislation or on positive action taken at national or local level rather than on European or international law.     

欧洲联盟电子商务立法评介

欧盟电子商务立法的框架是由一体化立法、成员国立法、综合立法和专项立法共同构建而成的多层次的法律体系 ,其内容涉及网络服务、电子签名、消费者保护、司法管辖、电子货币、税收以及著作权保护等方面。从欧盟电子商务立法实践可归纳出三方面特点 ,即 (1 )就立法意图而言 ,重点在于创建欧洲电子商务统一市场 ;(2 )就欧盟法与成员国立法关系而言 ,强调相互补充、相互制约 ;(3)就立法的重点而言 ,兼顾内部立法、国际条约和行业自律的制定。     

欧盟区域刑事合作进程中的制度缺陷与对策——从《马斯特里赫特条约》到《里斯本条约》

从《马斯特里赫特条约》到《里斯本条约》,随着一体化进程的不断发展,欧盟逐步加强了对内部区域刑事合作的影响。但是,这种变化的＂代价＂则分别体现为：成员国全体一致的决策机制、＂框架决定＂立法中的＂民主赤字＂,以及成员国利用＂紧急刹车＂条款以规避关乎其切身利益的敏感立法的适用等。本文重点探讨这些制度缺陷,进而评析欧盟在相关问题上的对策。     

Does one size fit all? Modelling macroeconomic linkages in the West African Economic and Monetary Union

We construct a structural macroeconometric model for member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). Fitting this model to annual and quarterly time-series data allows us to identify the channels through which macroeconomic innovations in one country impact on other countries in the union. We also discover the extent of heterogeneity across the member states in terms of the degree of similarity of macroeconomic transmission mechanisms. This is one important element in measuring the costs of union membership for each country.     

国际税收透明度同行评议及中国的应对

为实施国际税收透明度和信息交换原则而组织的全球税收论坛同行评议是国际税收合作中的新机制。评议中发现在涉外信托、无记名股票和名义持有人三个问题上各国普遍存在信息透明度不足的缺陷。我国作为大陆法系国家,现行的法律法规与论坛所设计的标准也有一定距离,值得引起注意。应当在完善信托税制的实体法律基础上加强获取信托信息的税收征管程序立法,对国内信托和涉外信托分别制定信息申报规则;有必要对公司法第130条进行修订,取消发行无记名股票的规定;制定隐名投资中的名义股东的信息保存法,对名义股东施以信息报告义务。     

China and UN environmental policy: institutional growth,learning and implementation

The focus of this article is on whether, and to what extent, the major UN bodies for environmental issues—the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD), and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)—have had any impact upon how China addresses and approaches its environmental issues. The UN bodies seem to have had some degree of day-to-day influence in a range of fields. UNEP has provided assistance in terms of policy formulation, technical assistance, training of personnel, public awareness and networking. The CSD seems to have made fewer practical and concrete contributions to China’s environmental policies; it serves as an arena for learning and discussion of environmental issues, rather than as a body for policy implementation. The GEF, on the other hand, has been an important source for the implementation of environmental policies in China. As to China’s contribution to environmental issues on the global arena, China does not seem to give priority to the international level of environmental policies. It is an active participant and stakeholder in international bodies such as UNEP and the CSD, but it is currently not providing any leadership. This is in clear contrast to domestic policy, where environmental issues are becoming increasingly important, attracting the attention of the media, policy-makers and the public. The article concludes that should this trend consolidate, establishing the management of the environment and natural resources as major issues in Chinese politics, it is reasonable to expect that China will in the future aim to play a leading role in environmental politics at the international level.     

环境法上的公正

环境法的公正具有自己的特征,环境法上存在着区域公正,国际公正,社会公正和代际公正。区域公正是指在相关区域环境权利与义务的分配是否恰当平衡。国际公正涉及国与国之间享有环境的权利和国际环境义务的分担。社会公正要求将环境行为置于社会背景下认识和解决。代际公正要求现实环境问题的解决方案要考虑到下代人的利益。     

欧洲一体化对英国国际私法的影响

随着 1973年英国步入欧洲共同体 ,英国国际私法不应再被孤立地看待 ,它与欧洲联盟统一国际私法及欧洲联盟成员国中的大陆法系国家的国际私法紧密地联系在一起。它们相互影响、相互渗透、相互作用、相互促进。作为欧洲联盟 15个成员国中仅有的两个普通法法系国家之一 ,而且是普通法发源地的英国 ,其国际私法受到了欧洲一体化空前的、巨大的影响。这种影响主要体现在 :推动了英国国际私法制定法的新发展 ;开拓了英国国际私法的新法源 ;创立了英国冲突法案件的新类型 ;提供了英国解决冲突案件的新方法     

经济一体化与地方行政立法变革——区域行政立法模式前瞻

随着我国经济、社会的发展,跨省市的区域经济一体化趋势已十分明显。但目前我国各省、市各自为政的地方行政立法现状不适应这一客观要求。借鉴欧盟法在其成员国中直接适用和优先适用的成功经验,我国可构建一种能在一定经济区域内的各行政区划内统一适用的区域行政立法模式和体系,这是介于国家行政立法与现行地方行政规章之间的行政立法合作模式,它对于协调目前地方行政立法冲突、适应和促进区域经济和谐发展是一种较为有利的选择。     

The WHO European program of health legislation and the Health for All policy

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), begun a decade ago in Europe, in the field of health legislation. This program is the result of the interaction between two important factors: the trends in national health policy and legislation at the country level, and the implementation of the Health for All policy, which has been collectively adopted by the European Member States in various WHO fora. Health legislation has proved to be a valuable tool in supporting National Health Policies in European countries and a key element in international health activities. The paper will be presented in three main parts. The first examines the legislative implications of the Health for All policy and strategy. The second gives an overview of developments in health legislation in Europe, focusing on national achievements in three areas in which change is necessary to achieve Health for All: health care systems, the environment, and lifestyles. The third part gives an account of activities carried out by the Regional Office for Europe of WHO in the health legislation field, recalls the organization of the first WHO medium-term program in this field, and summarizes its four current subprograms on health policy, health situation, exchange of information, and training. The conclusion briefly outlines the prospects for further developments in Europe.     

The introduction of data breach notification legislation in Australia: A comparative view

This article argues that Australia's recently-passed data breach notification legislation, the Privacy Amendment (Notifiable Data Breaches) Act 2017 (Cth), and its coming into force in 2018, makes an internationally important, yet imperfect, contribution to data breach notification law. Against the backdrop of data breach legislation in the United States and European Union, a comparative analysis is undertaken between these jurisdictions and the Australian scheme to elucidate this argument. Firstly, some context to data breach notification provisions is offered, which are designed to address some of the problems data breaches cause for data privacy and information security. There have been various prominent data breaches affecting Australians over the last few years, which have led to discussion of what can be done to deal with their negative effects. The international context of data breach notification legislation will be discussed, with a focus on the United States and European Union jurisdictions, which have already adopted similar laws. The background to the adoption of the Australia legislation will be examined, including the general context of data privacy and security protection in Australia. The reform itself will be then be considered, along with the extent to which this law is fit for purpose and some outstanding concerns about its application. While data breach notification requirements are likely to be a positive step for data security, further reform is probably necessary to ensure strong cybersecurity. However, such reform should be cognisant of the international trends towards the adoption of data security measures including data breach notification, but lack of alignment in standards, which may be burdensome for entities operating in the transnational data economy.