Use of Force

This issue of Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, isdevoted principally to the use of force, a topic that has dominatedacademic debate and preoccupied practitioners. For academics,the question is: what distinguishes police officers and theorganisations in which they operate from others, particularlythose growing legions of private security operatives, un-swornpolice auxiliaries, and sundry officials with law enforcementpowers? The orthodox answer is that the police enjoy a ‘monopolyof legitimate force’ over their fellow citizens (a viewthat has its origins in the pioneering work of Bittner, 1970).That orthodoxy has increasingly been criticised in the faceof the obvious fact that bouncers, store detectives, securityguards of all kinds, and many others also exercise ‘legitimateforce’ in ejecting drunken customers from pubs and clubs,apprehending shoplifters, and defending     

政府有效性:社会发展的动力源泉

政府有效性体现的是政府活动对社会发展的总体功能,它既反映了政府职能的适当程度。也反映了政府运行的效率和效能,是一个价值与事实相统一的综合性范畴。政府有效性对于推动经济发展、实现政治民主和促进社会和谐等都具有极为重要的价值。离开了政府有效性,政府的价值便无从谈起。因此,可以说,政府有效性是政府推动社会发展的动力源泉。     

Crisis in Kosovo: A Just Use of Force?

This article looks at NATO's armed intervention in Serbia from the perspective of international law, and especially just war theory. After explaining the principles by which just war theory permits armed intervention, the crisis in Kosovo is used as a fascinating and relevant case study.     

Statebuilding and Force: The Proper Role of Foreign Militaries

Abstract

Recent military interventions, both peace operations authorized by the United Nations and actions by individual countries, have aimed at helping build new or reconstituted states. The legitimacy and success of these state-building interventions are often contested by local actors. Yet state-like structures are needed to ensure the rule of law and economic growth. This paper argues for a new approach: to direct the use of foreign force toward roles that helped states emerge as the most successful governance structures in historical Europe, by defending populations from outside attack, protecting them from banditry and violence, and enforcing predictable rules for commerce and civil life (while training local forces to assume these duties). This approach focuses attention on the practical need to prepare military forces for both traditional defence and police-like roles.     

Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment

Over the past five years the Government of Rwanda has placed renewed emphasis on increasing the number of female military personnel and gender mainstreaming the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF). This article examines the efforts made by the RDF since 2007 to meet these strategic requirements and integrate women into the national security organ. It is suggested that, in spite of Rwanda's success in bringing women into the political sphere, women are still reluctant to join the military. It is argued that prevailing societal values and attitudes, conflicting narratives within official discourse about the role of women as security actors, resource constraints and the RDF's emphasis on ‘gender equality’ are barriers to achieving RDF goals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with RDF military personnel and government officials, as well as documentary research, the article first provides an overview of the Rwandan government's approach to mobilizing women to securitize the state, before examining how the RDF aims to progress the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda nationally and within local communities. The article then reflects on some of the factors that are hindering the recruitment and retention of female military personnel.     

试论我国城市社区参与中的老年人参与

在当今各国的社会管理改革浪潮中.公民参与得到越来越广泛的运用.我国城市社区建设运动目标之一,就是动员社区居民参与到社区建设中,弥补政府在城市基层管理中能力之不足.老年人作为社区居民是社区建设中不可忽视的一支参与主体.     

论口供的证明力

口供是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的供述和辩解,包括犯罪嫌疑人、被告人承认有罪的供述,关于自己无罪、罪轻的辩解和揭发同案被告人的攀供。口供具有一定程度上的客观性,这也是口供得以发挥证明作用的基础。由于口供的来源———犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在刑事诉讼活动中处于绝对的劣势,因此必须对口供的证明力加以限制。     

Unintended Consequences: Implications of the 2014 Australian Defence Force Pay Deal

The Workplace Remuneration Arrangement agreed between the Australian Government and the Australian Defence Force (ADF) provides for a 4.5% pay over 3 years for ADF personnel. This article makes use of the concept of the psychological contract to argue that this pay deal represents a breach of the Australian Government's obligations towards ADF personnel that is likely to have unintended consequences for their long‐term commitment to their ADF careers.     

论爱国主义的“硬核力量”

爱国主义是表达个人对祖国依赖关系的真挚情感、道德准则、政治认同和坚定行动,在新时代的中国迸发出强大的力量。爱国主义的"硬核力量"体现在:它是源自中华民族悠久历史的持久力量、是发自中国人内心世界的深沉力量、是汇聚亿万人智慧汗水的磅礴力量、是转化为国家综合实力的强盛力量。爱国主义的"硬核力量"汇聚成礼赞新中国、奋进新时代的前进洪流,给我们增添了无穷正能量。     

工会是实现社会公平和正义的重要推动力量

公平和正义,是衡量社会文明与进步的重要标尺,是社会主义的本质特征和基本属性之一,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的主要特征之一。以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央立足于中国特色社会主义事业的伟大实践,创造性地提出"科学发展观"这一重大战略思想,明确提出要在     

Leaving the Australian Labor Force: An Extended Encounter with the State

This article seeks to demonstrate the way in which labor market choices are shaped by institutional arrangements devised by the state. Since these arrangements differ markedly from country to country, much that is distinctive about national labor market outcomes is a function of diverse encounters with the state. This argument is illustrated by an account that explains why Australia, a country which apparently devotes little in the way of public resources to the old, manifests an exceptionally high level of early retirement. This account shows that, in contrast to the standard European welfare state strategy of public pensions, the Australian state has over many decades tackled the need for provision for the old by encouraging retirement strategies that are not subsidized directly from the public purse. These strategies include the encouragement of widely dispersed home ownership and occupational pensions. Read broadly, the article suggests that the extremity of contrasts frequently made between the advanced welfare states of Western Europe and the miserable social policy outcomes in the democracies of the New World have been far too extreme. The article experiments with novel presentational techniques designed to focus attention on individual choices and on policy outcomes for the individual rather than policy outputs by governments.     

Explaining the formation of business-environmentalist collaborations: Collaborative windows and the Paper Task Force

Building on the agenda setting theory of Kingdon (1984), this paper develops a collaboration forming model to explain the creation of multi-party initiatives as an addition to Gray's (1985 and 1989) explanation for collaborations as a response to environmental turbulence, crisis, or complexity. It tests this model by examining the Paper Task Force, a collaboration of five multi-national companies, an environmental group, and a university intended to determine environmentally sound guidelines for paper procurement. The study finds that multi-stakeholder collaborations can require collaborative windows for their formation. These windows occur when four process streams – problem, policy, organizational, and social/political/economic – converge. In the case of the Paper Task Force, the problem stream was an increasing recognition of the environmental burdens throughout the lifecycle of paper production. The policy stream included new governmental initiatives to make paper-making processes cleaner and use paper with more recycled content. The organizational stream consisted of an increasing willingness among corporations to improve their environmental performance combined with their development of paper making technology with lower environmental impacts. The social/political/economic stream included strong public support for the environment in the United States and demand for chlorine free paper in Europe. A collaborative entrepreneur, the Environmental Defense Fund, working with the other Task Force members, was able to join solutions to problems. Implications for other collaborative ventures are developed.     

特殊的主体与普遍的诉求:环境正义的多维张力与进路

从表面看,环境正义问题表现为环境弱势群体权益与风险的失衡,是特殊群体特殊诉求的呈现。但究其根本,在特殊主体的背后却存在普遍的社会正义诉求。普遍性与特殊性在经济发展的平衡性与环境分配不公、权力结构的层级性与环境制度不公、表达渠道的通畅性与环境参与不公、信息资源的对称性与环境认知不公、身份地位的平等性与环境承认不公等之间形成了多维张力。环境正义的实现,需要在张力的平衡中寻找多元进路。     

Space for stories: legislative narratives and the establishment of the US Space Force

Policy Sciences - In June 2018, President Trump directed the development of a sixth branch of the US Armed Forces—the Space Force—whose primary mission is to enhance the space...