德国《信息自由法》中的“过程性信息”保护

德国《信息自由法》对于过程性信息保护有直接的法律规定,但对于过程性信息的保护有诸多严格的限制,包括内容的限制和期限的限制:首先,严格区分讨论的过程信息与讨论所依据的事实材料和结果信息,前者免于公开,而后者则不能免于公开;其次,作为最终行政决定的直接准备性工作和前置决定在最终决定结束前免于公开,但在行政程序结束后也不再受到保护。     

Revision of Department of Justice Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Regulations and Implementation of Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996--DoJ. Proposed Rule

This document sets forth proposed revision of the Department's regulations under both the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and the Privacy Act of 1974. The FOIA and Privacy Act regulations have been streamlined and condensed, in accordance with the principles of the National Performance Reviews. With more "user-friendly" language wherever possible. These revisions also reflect the principles established by President Clinton and Attorney General Reno in their FOIA Policy Memoranda of October 4, 1993. The new statement of discretionary disclosure policy will supercede the existing regulation regarding discretionary access to records of historical interest. Additionally, the regulations have been updated to reflect developments in the case law and to include updated cost figures to be used in calculating and charging fees. These proposed revisions also contain new provisions implementing the Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996.     

Electronic Freedom of Information Act; implementation--USIA. Proposed rule

This rule establishes requirements and conditions necessary for the implementation of the new Electronic Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Amendments of 1996, 5 U.S.C. 552, as amended by Pub. L. 104-231. This addition to the present regulation will establish criteria that will enable FOIA requesters to better understand how documents of the Agency are maintained and handled electronically.     

论美国政府信息公开诉讼中知情权与隐私权的冲突与平衡

美国国会在制定《信息自由法》时,为了保护公民个人的隐私权,建立了两个《信息自由法》免除公开条款:即第6免除公开条款和第7(c)免除公开条款.但美国联邦法院在《信息自由法》司法审查实践中形成了自己的平衡信息公开的公共利益与个人隐私权利益的隐私权保护框架,衍生出了最低限度的隐私权利益标准、《信息自由法》“核心目的”标准、“充分理由”与“合法推定”标准等三个原则.这三个原则是违反了立法者的意图和《信息自由法》的基本精神的.研究美国政府信息公开诉讼中知情权与隐私权平衡的立法和司法实践,对我国政府信息公开诉讼有启示意义.     

法国《新闻自由法》评析

法国现行《新闻自由法》是一部自由主义的新闻法。它是法国人民奋斗近百年的结果。它真正保障新闻自由 ,在新闻法的发展史上占有极为重要的地位。     

Bioinformatics and genetic privacy: The impact of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010

Bioinformatics refers to the practise of creation and management of genetic data using computational and statistical techniques. In Malaysia, data obtained from genomic studies, particularly for the purpose of disease identification produces a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. These data are created from DNA samples obtained from diagnostic and research purposes in genomic research institutes in Malaysia. As these data are processed, stored, managed and profiled using computer applications, an issue arises as to whether the principles of personal data privacy would be applicable to these activities. This paper commences with an illustration of the salient features of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010. The second part analyses the impact of the newly passed Personal Data Protection Act 2010 on the collection of DNA sample, the processing of data obtained from it and the profiling of such data. The third part of the paper considers whether the various personal data protection principles are applicable to the act of DNA profiling and the creation of bioinformatics.     

瑞典新闻出版自由与信息公开制度论要

一　新闻出版自由与信息公开制度的产生与演进瑞典是世界上最早确立新闻出版自由和信息公开制度的国家 ,其新闻出版自由和信息公开制度是瑞典历史上王权和国会相互斗争和妥协的产物。近代瑞典国家形成于 1 6世纪初期 ,此前瑞典是中世纪建立的由丹麦、瑞典、挪威组成的卡尔玛联盟(KalmarUnion)的部分。联盟长期为丹麦人所统治 ,后来又为德国人所控制。从 1 5世纪中期开始 ,瑞典人认为联盟是一种外来的压迫和束缚 ,试图从中解放出来。一批下层贵族首先起义 ,召集了四大阶层(贵族、教士、城市自由民和农民 )全国代表会议 ,这次会议被认为是瑞…     

Speed Bumps On The Information Superhighway: A Study Of Federal Agency Compliance With The Electronic Freedom Of Information Act Of 1996

The Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 amended the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 to clarify that computerized agency records are subject to disclosure under the FOIA. Congress passed the 1996 amendments because federal agencies for many years had been withholding computerized records and databases from the public. Another feature of the EFOIA requires agencies to publish their policies and rules on the Internet. The rationale behind this provision was to guard against the development of "secret law" known only to agency officials, but not to members of the public who deal with the agencies. The purpose of this article is to examine how federal agencies have complied with the EFOIA in its first few years of implementation. A look at the documented early history of EFOIA compliance reveals agency performance has been marked by slow starts, missed deadlines and general confusion over exactly what kinds of records qualify as disclosable records under the statute.     

论侵犯患者隐私权的法律责任

患者隐私权是应当受到保护的一种人格权利,但在医疗和医学教学活动中侵犯患者隐私权的事件时有发生,以至于患者和医护人员对簿公堂,因此对患者隐私权予以法律保护具有重要意义。在医疗活动和医学教学活动中,如何保护患者隐私权、在法律规定上如何将个人隐私权作为一项独立的人格权加以保护,应进行必要的思考和提出相应的对策。     

政府公开的原则与例外——论美国信息自由制度

信息公开是美国《联邦行政程序法》的重要组成部分,也是美国对世界行政法治的一大贡献。在简要总结了美国信息公开制度的历史进程和最新发展之后,还需详细探讨信息公开原则及其例外的司法适用,并深入分析信息公开和个人隐私之间的复杂关系诸问题。由于信息公开与透明度在行政程序中发挥着特别重要的作用,美国的经验应能对中国相关制度的完善提供有益的启示。     

Bioterrorism meets privacy: an analysis of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act and the HIPAA privacy rule

Ms. Bruce's paper analyzes the interplay between the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act and the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The article begins by examining specific relevant provisions of the Act and Rule. Next, it traces the history of public health law through the court system and then uses this foundation to discuss how the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act and the HIPAA Privacy Rule could co-exist, protecting Americans in the case of a bioterror attack, while being appropriately sensitive to the confidentiality of private health information.     

Prescribing privacy: the uncertain role of the physician in the protection of patient privacy

Because medical records are now more comprehensive than ever before, they increasingly are being demanded for uses both inside and outside of the medical profession. Mr. Gellman contends that existing ethical and legal guidance is inadequate to aid physicians in dealing with the confidentiality issues raised when patient information is requested or demanded from them, and supports this contention by examining the dilemmas faced by physicians presented with such requests or demands. He concludes that ethical and judicial guidance will continue to be inadequate, and that the only practical way to develop suitable guidance is through legislation.     

信息自由与版权法的变革

信息自由在伦理上、法理上和文化渊源上有其正当性理据,但它与现行版权法之间存在冲突,特别是版权的扩张压缩了信息自由和知识共享的空间,进一步加剧了二者之间的紧张关系。在互联网条件下,版权法的改革势在必行。可以考虑的改革措施包括:确立一般性的默示许可规则;扩大合理使用的适用范围;取消复制权和演绎权,使版权人仅仅保留控制作品传播的权利。     

信息自由与版权保护

信息社会的一个重要发现--网络生存定律:信息社会离不开信息公开与信息自由.中国自1978年以来的两个趋势:那就是"开放"和"自由".迄今为止中国所发生的所有变化都可归因于信息公开与信息自由.信息应当是自由的,但是,自由是需要付出代价的.版权是信息财产的一个重要组成部分,它所关注的是"创作投入".数字化和互联网技术为信息的复制和传播提供了极大的方便.当下最大的问题是对信息生产者和创造者保护不力.