预购商品房抵押法律效力的思考

预购商品房抵押是伴随着商品房预售制度的产生和银行为防范住房金融业务信贷风险而出现的一种担保方式。我国的法律、部门规章、司法解释在不同时期从不同角度对预购商品房抵押进行立法规制,但对其应具备何种法律效力未予明确,无法衡平商品房预售中各方参与主体的利益。本文通过对法律规制的变迁及相关司法判例的探讨,分析了预购商品房抵押的性质、效力及纳入预告登记制度的可能性,使其与现行的物权法律体系相协调,以维护住房金融市场的稳定有序。     

促进科技创新目标下的知识产权担保融资及其法律问题

知识产权质押融资目前在我国被作为实施知识产权战略和应对全球金融危机经济冲击的重要政策工具,政府推动试点,给予资金、贴息等政策支持,以促进银企科技创新和金融创新。但在知识产权权属的不稳定性和价值不稳定性、质权设立和实现等方面还存在着法律风险,本文提出的法律对策是：应该正确定位知识产权质押融资实践的政府目标和法律关系,探索知识产权担保的创新模式和知识产权质权实现的创新方式,引进知识产权保险机制化解融资风险。     

房地产抵押债权证券化研究——以SPV为中心

随着房地产贷款总量的不断增加，银行面临较大的放贷压力和金融风险，而房地产抵押债权证券化正是一种被住房金融产业发达国家的实践证明了的、行之有效的增强银行资金流动性和消化房贷金融风险的工具。作为房地产抵押债权证券化运作核心的SPV，其制度构造直接决定了房地产抵押债权证券化是否能有效运作。因此，有必要结合国外实践和我国的现行法律制度，就SPV涉及的组织形式、创设主体、独立性及破产等法律问题进行探讨。     

论重复抵押

本文认为重复抵押是抵押行为的重复 ,可导致却不等同于抵押权的重复 ,也不是抵押物价值的重复 ;重复抵押的效力取决于各次抵押行为是否有效和有效抵押是否超值 ;并对重复抵押中抵押权实现的几种特殊情况加以探讨 ,指出关于抵押权顺位立法隐含着有限制的顺位升进主义。     

两岸物权法草案最高额抵押权法制之比较研究

物权法定原则(numerus clauses)是德国物权法的重要基础,然而为因应社会经济变迁及需求,完全贯彻该项法律原则,将有限制物权发展、交易自由之虞,并会造成与社会经济生活严重脱节、难以贯彻民法上意思自治原则等疑虑。尤其是商业环境下经常从事继续性交易的企业组织,为因应经营规模扩大、国际化及多角化经营,部分公司选择向银行设定最高额抵押以举借中长期借款作为其最适融资决策。同时,东亚各国也将最高额抵押权法制化(legislation of maximum mortgage right)列为其物权法的修正重点。因此,本文首先从法律原理及商业习惯等两个面向,指出最高额抵押权法制化的主要缘由;其次,本文归纳最高额抵押权的法律特性,厘清最高额抵押权与担保物权一般特性的差异,并提出担保物权从属性相对化的发展趋势;再者,在两岸物权法竞相修订之际,详细介绍两岸物权法草案最高额抵押权法制的规范内涵,并采取比较法分析两岸物权法草案;最后,本文建议大陆物权法草案最高额抵押权法制,应朝向有利融资创新活动加以设计。     

动产浮动抵押制度的缺陷及对策研究——以债权人权利保护为视角

物权法动产浮动抵押制度存有对债权人权利保护不足的缺陷,为维护债权人的合法利益,应把握好动产浮动抵押制度的源头、协议、登记、执行和惩戒等各个环节,以合理防范、扬长避短,实现对债权人权利的合理维护并确保动产浮动抵押制度在我国能够收到良好效果。     

从法律角度研究中国土地制度变迁路径及土地制度安排

Through the discussion of property rights of land in the People’s Republic of China by examining the evolution of legal frameworks governing land institutions and that of the rights embodied, it traces out the development of urban and rural land tenure changes during the pre-reform era (pre-1978) and post-reform era (post-1978). Analysis shows that after thirty years of opening up and orientation towards a market economy, there is still a wide divergence of rights between urban and rural land tenure. Quasi-leasehold system of urban land tenure, accompanied by relatively well-established titling and registration procedures as well as an open market for transaction, has been established. In contrast, although the rural land contracting system has endowed farmers with thirty years of agricultural land usufruct rights and attempts to strengthen farmers’ tenure security have been made progressively over the years, farmers are yet not enjoying the full bundles of land rights. Imminent reforms in rural land tenure includes, but not restricted to, the following crucial areas: Farmers’ right to mortgage their land, a well-functioning land market, well-defined and just causes for land requisition written in law, a clear delineation of the different roles and rights of the collective and individual farmers.     

对物权法草案合宪性质疑的理论回应

在法制发展史上,包括物权制度在内的民法是先于宪法产生的.涵盖了物权法的民法恰恰是现代宪法的精神与制度源泉.在结果意义上而非发生意义上,宪法具有在法律位阶上高于物权法等部门法的地位.宪法是以公法的身份借助国家力量对一切财产权利予以确认和保障,而在物权法所调整的私权交往领域,各类财产权利关系具有平等的法律地位.主张应在物权法中规定公共财产的特殊保护,是对私法功能乃至宪法之公法功能的错误理解.     

关于乱收费的法律思考

乱收费是指行政主体在没有法律依据及法律授权的情况下强制公民、法人或者其他组织履行金钱给付义务、非法剥夺相对人财产权的侵权行为 ,反映出我国对公民财产权保护的脆弱、财政税收征管制度的混乱以及行政征收权的失控。应当在宪法上确立保护公民财产权的制度、完善税收征管及财政制度的同时 ,通过行政收费立法规范行政收费权 ,以法律手段遏制乱收费。     

动产抵押制度质疑--以质疑动产抵押的公示及效力为中心

不动产的特定性、固定性和所有不动产物权变动均需经过登记的法技术决定了其具有适用登记公示方式的基础和内在的实质合理性。动产的不特定性、流动性和一般动产物权以占有为公示方式的法技术决定了登记公示适用于动产具有难以克服的缺陷和严重的不合理性。《担保法》规定的动产抵押权因登记取得的对抗效力也严重不合理。建议我国未来立法或者废弃动产抵押制度,或者改全面的动产抵押制度为特别种类动产上的动产抵押制度。     

关于共同抵押权的若干问题

共同抵押权是为共同担保同一债权而于数项不同财产上设定的抵押权。共同抵押不应包括法定一并抵押。共同抵押权担保的债权虽为一个但抵押权的标的为数个独立财产。共同抵押可分为按份共同抵押和连带共同抵押,但原则上不包括按份共同抵押。共同抵押的抵押人可以为同一人,也可为不同的人;共同抵押的设立也不以一次同时设立为必要。共同抵押的各标的物可为不动产也可为动产,各抵押财产上抵押权是否设立依一般抵押权的设立规则确定,不以登记为共同抵押必要。共同抵押设立时未约定数抵押财产执行顺序时,抵押权人得自由选择是先就某抵押财产行使抵押权还是就全部抵押财产行使抵押权。共同抵押权人对于共同抵押的数项财产同时实现抵押权时,同时受各抵押财产的价金分配,此时各抵押财产按照其价额的比例分担所担保的债权额,不发生他抵押人或后顺序抵押权人的求偿权行使。共同抵押权人仅就共同抵押财产的某一或某几项财产实行抵押权并受偿其全部债权时,由于各抵押财产异时分配其担保的债权额,若数抵押财产不为同一人所有或者存在后次序抵押权,则发生他抵押人或者后顺序抵押权人的求偿权行使问题。共同抵押的抵押人既有债务人又有物上保证人时,物上保证人不能享有先诉抗辩权,但为保障物上保证人的利益,物上保证人得主张债务人优先负担。共同抵押权人放弃债务人提供的抵押担保的,物上保证人在抵押权人放弃的利益范围内不再承担担保责任。     

《民法典》抵押物转让规则新解——兼评《民法典》第406条

《民法典》第406条修改了原《物权法》第191条关于禁止抵押物转让的规则,允许抵押人在设定抵押权后转让抵押物.新规则虽然有利于促进物尽其用,鼓励交易,但是由此也可能给抵押权人监管抵押物或实现抵押权造成困难.因此有必要赋予禁止转让特约以公示能力,在违反经公示的禁止转让特约后,转让合同有效但不能发生物权变动的效力,从而兼顾...     

论碳排放权设质依据及立法建议

碳排放权是在碳排放额度上设立的一项新型无形财产权。因其具有交换价值,故能设立担保。物权法定原则的缓和化扫除了设定碳排放权担保的理论障碍。碳排放权的特性和权利质权的构造决定了在碳排放权上设定权利质权比设定抵押权更为适宜。建议立法者在设立碳排放权质权时,采用登记生效模式。与其他权利质权相比,碳排放权质权更易受政策影响,故体现的物上代位性较弱。因此,质权人宜选择其他保全碳排放权质权的方式。     

Parenting without Protection: How Legal Status Ambiguity Affects Lesbian and Gay Parenthood

Through the lens of lesbian and gay parenthood we ask how individuals who experience “legal status ambiguity”—that which emerges when legal fluctuations combine with divided attitudes, ignorance of the law, and autonomous institutional gatekeepers—exercise their legal rights and responsibilities. The results from thirty‐one interviews with lesbian and gay parents in Oregon and their six adult children suggest that the state's fluctuating legal and social climates for lesbian and gay parenting between 1985 and 2013 presented significant challenges for two generations of same‐sex parents. Although both cohorts created and utilized a range of legal and social mechanisms to assert their legal rights, they found these rights to be controlled as much by gatekeeper perspectives as by legal force. After the 2015 Obergefell ruling on marriage equality, lesbian and gay parenting status remains a site of ongoing legal and social contestation, providing insight into the risks and challenges of legal status ambiguity.     

国有商业银行信用风险宏观成因分析

我国已于2001年11月10日顺利加入 WTO,这标志着我国经济将进入一个新的发展时期。我国金融与世界金融将融为一体。经济全球化扩大了金融的作用,同时也扩大了金融风险的作用范围。而以风险为基本特征的现代市场经济是一种高度货币化、信用化的资源配置模式,经济运行中的风险最终会通过各种途径集中和表现在金融体系最基本的风险类型——信用风险上。在市场经济务件下,信用风险的大小已从根本上决定了金融体系的稳定与否以及经济能否健康、持续地发展。因此,必须加强我国国有商业银行风险特别是信用风险的研究。本文主要分析了我国国有商业银行的信用风险的主要成因。其制度性因素主要表现为以下四个方面:产权制度、宏观经济政策、法律制度、信用环境。     

股权质押制度的反思与重构——以制度价值为中心的考察

安全、效率和公平是股权质押制度的基本价值取向,但现有股权质押的制度安排,一方面因防范道德风险、市场风险和法律风险的机制漏洞可能危及交易的安全;另一方面,因过于侧重对交易安全的保护而忽视了对交易便捷利益的保护,忽视了对出质人的公平保护,影响了效率和公平;因此,需要对股权质押的制度价值进行准确定位,按照安全优先,兼顾效率和公平的要求,完善我国的股权质押制度,进一步拓宽融资渠道,促进资本市场健康发展。     

房贷险存废论

住房金融巨大风险对强化房贷保险作用的现实需要,与旷日已久的所谓"强制保险"的法律困惑,形成了房贷险存与废的博弈。保险金物上代位机制使抵押物保险具有了双重保障机理,决定了抵押权人干预抵押物保险合同的法理依据及其权利界限,银行放弃房贷险只是一种弃权行为;房贷履约保证保险本质上具有人身保险属性,其设定的目的是取代住房抵押担保,应与住房财产险分离而免于银行的强制;房贷险本身的设计缺陷和业务不规范行为必须全面矫正;须尽快加强我国的消费信贷立法。     

Secured Financing of Intellectual Property Assets and the Reform of English Personal Property Security Law

The past three decades have seen a decline in traditional industriesin the United Kingdom and there has been a relative declinein the value of physical assets to the UK economy. At the sametime, the value of intangible assets seen in intellectual propertyrights have increased considerably. As such, IP rights representimportant assets for companies and often comprise the foundationfor market dominance and continued profitability. There is astructural uncertainty in the law relating to the use of IPas collateral for the purpose of raising debt finance and thismay impact upon the survival of firms with high ratios of intangibleto tangible assets. This article considers the proper goalsfor an effective credit and security regime in IP. It examinesthe significance of the availability of collateral to the lendingdecision and also considers whether the reluctance to maximisethe use of IP as security reflects inherent difficulties whicharise out of the nature of IP as economic assets. This has implicationsfor the reform of English personal property security law andthe development of bright line priority rules associated withArticle 9 of the US Uniform Commercial Code which is often citedas a model for reform of English law.     

Property rights and externalities: the uneasy case of knowledge

Drawing from Coase’s methodological lesson, this article discusses the specific case of knowledge, which was for a long time chiefly governed by exchange mechanisms lying outside the market, and has only recently been brought into the market. Its recent, heavy “colonization” by the property paradigm has progressively elicited criticism from commentators who, for various reasons, believe that the market can play only a limited role in pursuing efficiency in the knowledge domain. The article agrees with the enounced thesis and tries to provide an explanation of it that relates to the fact that in specific circumstances property-rights can produce distinct market failures that affect the social cost and can consequently prevent attainment of social welfare. In particular, the arguments set forth here concern three distinct externalities that arise when enforcing a property rights system over knowledge. First, the existence of a property right may itself alter individual preferences and social norms, thus causing specific changes in individuals’ behaviour. Second, the idiosyncratic nature of knowledge, as a collective and inherently indivisible entity, means that its full propertization can be expected to produce significant harm. Third, property rights can cause endogenous drifts in the market structure arising from the exclusive power granted to the right holder: though generally intended as a necessary mechanism for extracting a price from the consumer, in the knowledge domain property rights can become a device for extracting rents from the market.     

域名权可为抵押权标的之民法分析

知识产权具有不同于其它可供作为质权标的的性质 ,而具有极类似于抵押权标的的性质。知识产权作为抵押权的标的 ,符合现代物权法定原则的发展趋势。域名权应具有权利的地位 ,是一种独立的知识产权。域名权可作为抵押权标的 ,在物权法中可通过两种途径来实现 :一是在可抵押的财产中列举符合抵押权标的本质特征的知识产权种类 ,将域名权包括在内 ;二是在企业财产的集合抵押中予以规定 ,即域名权以一个企业的集合体的形式共同设定抵押来达到设定抵押的目的。构建域名权抵押制度 ,还应在立法中明确规定域名权抵押公示制度 ,完善域名权抵押的价值评估机制。