The Troubled American

"Americans love dissidents from every country but their own." —From a speech by Katrina vanden Heuvel at a reception celebrating the Russian edition of Stephen Cohen's Failed Crusade.     

The American experiment

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research -     

美国：商业犯罪刑事化

美国的商业犯罪企业必需为其犯罪行为而受罚,但如今,法律似乎已经变成了一个敲诈勒索的制度。是谁在干着敲诈勒索——这个世界上最赚钱的买卖呢？西西里黑手党？对一家大企业来说,所有的人都不如美国监管体系贪婪。模式很简单：找到一家可能犯了事的大公司,也可以是一家没犯事的大公司；以让公司商业信誉扫地为由，最好是刑事指控，去威胁这家公司的高管；迫使这家公司在私下里达成和解，用股东的钱支付一笔巨大的罚金，以撤销对它的指控。     

美国多元主义政体成因探析

美国的政治过程是由一批权力中心的运作来体现的美国是典型的多元主义政体国家，这一强调个人和公民社会权利的政治体制表现为权力中心的多元化。多元主义政体在美国的形成不是偶然的，而是由美国独特的历史背景、自由主义的政治哲学、人们对纯粹民主政治可能导致弊端的担心以及美国利益多元化等多方面因素决定的。了解美国政治本质特征及其成因，有助于我们认识美国政治和美国政府的决策过程。     

The Paradox of American Critical Legalism

Duncan Kennedy's essay is a reprint from his recently published book. We hope to draw attention to Kennedy's work among students of European integration since we believe his analysis to be relevant both to the specific debate on the impact of European integration upon private law and to comparative legal study in general. European legal scholarship has only recently begun to examine the problems of private legal integration. The late appearance of private law in the integration arena is due to a primarily instrumental understanding and strategic use of law in the European market-building project: only once legal ‘barriers to trade’ were eliminated and national regulatory law replaced by Europeanised norms, did the degree to which the core institutions of ’private‘ law had been (indirectly) affected by the integrationist logic become apparent. Comparative legal research, however, has benefited from this awakening of interest. European Commission projects have widened the scope of and intensified comparative studies in Europe. Equally, experience gained from the ‘Integration Through (Public) Law’ project has led to a new private legal debate on the impact of national traditions, the concept of legal cultures and the social functions of private law. Accordingly, whilst Duncan Kennedy's deliberations on the history of American legal thought and the differences between American and European legal cultures are generally to be commended for their sensitive treatment of the specificities of the civil law system and the common law heritage, they are equally of particular topical concern since in addition to highlighting America's ‘utter faith and utter distrust in law,’ they also investigate the fundamentally different approaches adopted towards ‘the project law’ within each of the member states of the EU. If European private lawyers are to come to terms with the problems of integration and convergence, they must first tackle these deep-seated divergences between their own national legal cultures.     

美国的陪审员制度

现行的美国陪审制度由来已久,至今已有一个多世纪。如今,美国陪审团的主要任务是在刑事案件中确定被告是否有罪、在民事案件中确定过错责任及对损害的评估。由此,它被认为是美国民主法制的基础。 目前人们对陪审团的看法各有不同。有人认为,陪审团的存在是为了防止司法腐败,有利于审判的公正,因为陪审团成员是由电脑随机挑选产生的,其随意性和不确定性是保证陪审团公正审理案件的基石。     

The aftermath of child sexual abuse of African American and white American women: The victim's experience

Several aspects of the victim's personal experience in the aftermath of child sexual abuse are described. Subject recruitment involved a multi-stage stratified probability sample of 126 African American and 122 White women, ages 18 to 36 years in Los Angeles County, matched on education, marital status, and the presence of children. Few ethnic differences were related to the initial response and short-term effects of the victim's experiences. Lasting effects of sexual abuse included sexual problems for women of both ethnic groups, but avoidance of men resembling the perpetrator was identified among African American women. Ethnicity may be a contributing factor to other adjustment related problems that African American women encounter in addition to their child sexual victimization. The implications of these findings and issues in the assessment of the aftermath are discussed.     

试论美国的民事诉讼法律文化

美国人有极强的权利观念,对法律有强烈的依赖,这是由美国的法律文化决定的,由此导致越来越多的案件被法院审理,这种诉讼爆炸现象有积极和消极两方面的作用。     

论美国侵权法中的侵扰制度

侵扰制度源于美国侵权法与环境法的竞合,也是美国环境法的起源。侵扰不同于侵权法中的土地侵犯和过失,它侧重于对原告所遭受伤害的保护,并不属于严格意义上的侵权范畴,只有实质性损害发生以后才会对被告的原因行为予以追究。本文运用大陆法系概念法学的传统分析方法,从侵扰的概念和辨析入手,通过对侵扰的分类、侵扰的构成要件、侵扰的违法阻却事由的分析,对侵扰制度做出评价,分析其存在的意义以及与大陆法系相邻权的区别与联系,从而对我国的环境侵权制度的研究产生指引。     

美国霸权主义的缘起和发展

本文站在历史的高度,审视美国霸权主义的产生、发展及其实质,以唤起世人的警醒。     

美国少年司法的新近发展

作为世界上第一个少年司法制度的诞生地———美国 ,它的少年司法体系的改革令人关注。本文回顾了美国少年司法政策的发展历史 ,并系统地检验了美国少年司法体制 ,总结了美国少年司法的历史 ,阐述了美国少年司法近年来的发展状况 ,这些发展推动了学者们对美国少年司法的深入研究 ,从而为处理青少年偏差行为指明了合理、有效的策略。本文还涉及到意识形态、政治策略和媒体对少年司法的公共政策的影响问题 ,最后探讨了将来美国少年司法领域中可能出现的争议。     

The American Exclusionary Rule(s)

Yesterday I discussed with you certain aspects of constitutional adjudication in the United States,andI particularly focused on certain difficulties that beset constitutional interpretation.I did so in part in orderto lay the ground work for today′s lecture on the American Exclusionary Rule(s).When people from other coun-tries refer to the"American Exclusionary Rule",and I note I said"rule"not"rule(s),"they normally have in     

美国宪法解释:"麦迪逊两难"之消解

在美国宪法解释实践中长期存在着被学者们所称的“麦迪逊之两难”问题,即民主多数统治的自由与少数自由权利之间始终处于一种似乎不可消解的张力之中。不同的学者和法官由于基于各自不同的民主与宪政原则,而在宪法解释的理论与实践中采取了不同的解释方法与立场,主要分属两大宪法解释流派:原意主义和非原意主义。然而,认真考察和分析美国宪法与宪政原意与原则理想,则会得出“麦迪逊之两难”命题不过是一个假命题的结论,因为真正的民主自身包含着自由平等原则。