Stigma,Discrimination, and Hate Crimes in Chinese-Speaking World amid Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to stigma, discrimination, and even hate crimes against various populations in the Chinese language–speaking world. Using interview data with victims, online observation, and the data mining of media reports, this paper investigated the changing targets of stigma from the outbreak of Covid-19 to early April 2020 when China had largely contained the first wave of Covid-19 within its border. We found that at the early stage of the pandemic, stigma was inflicted by some non-Hubei Chinese population onto Wuhan and Hubei residents, by some Hong Kong and Taiwan residents onto mainland Chinese, and by some Westerners towards overseas Chinese. With the number of cases outside China surpassing that in China, stigmatization was imposed by some Chinese onto Africans in China. We further explore how various factors, such as the fear of infection, food and mask culture, political ideology, and racism, affected the stigmatization of different victim groups. This study not only improved our understanding of how stigmatization happened in the Chinese-speaking world amid Covid-19 but also contributes to the literature of how sociopolitical factors may affect the production of hate crimes.

     

欧盟合同法律适用制度的演进

欧共体于1980年通过的<合同之债的法律适用公约>(以下称<罗马公约>或<公约>),统一了各成员国的合同法律适用规则,在一定程度上减少了由当李人作法院选择的几率.但是,经过20多年的实践,<公约>本身的立法形式及一些具体条款已表现出诸多不足.本文拟根据欧盟委员会公布的<关于将1980年＜合同之债的法律适用公约＞转换为共同体立法及其现代化的绿皮书>(以下称<绿皮书>)和<合同之债的法律适用条例议案>(以下称<罗马条例I议案>)这两个重要文件,对<公约>各条款的不适应性进行分析,并介绍其解决这些问题的思路.     

Covid-19 and Asian Criminology: Uncertainty,Complexity, and the Responsibility of AJOC Amidst Eventful Times

Asian Journal of Criminology -     

Role of e-commerce and resource utilization for sustainable business development: goal of economic recovery after Covid-19

Economic Change and Restructuring - This study seeks to granularly document the fundamental aspects of the pandemic and its effect on the global scale and environmental steadiness. Structural...     

新冠疫情背景下妨害传染病防治罪的解释扩张及其回归

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中的法律规范适用带来新视角与新问题,在超越可容忍的社会相当性且有刑事可罚追究必要的场合,我国刑法中妨害传染病防治罪的规范适用值得关注。该罪的对象被限定为"甲类传染病",本次新冠肺炎被列为"乙类传染病",从而该罪存在适用上的瓶颈。司法解释的渐进扩张具有唤醒妨害传染病防治罪和注重公共卫生安全法益保护的一面,但是选取的方式难以与刑事法治相契合。为了更好地实现刑法参与社会治理的功能需求,应当对妨害传染病防治罪采取"立法类型化调整、司法解释适度限制"的组合路径,使刑法规范的社会适应性与刑罚处罚的有限性相融合。     

Institutions and contracts: Franchising

This paper investigates a new dataset of franchise networks in nine countries in order to assess whether and to what extent do institutions influence the practice of franchising. Our regressions relate the structure of franchise networks (the rate of franchised units as opposed to corporate units) to individual parameters supposed to reflect the extent of moral hazards on the franchisor's and franchisee's sides and, more specifically, to various institutional parameters of the franchisor's country, namely, the legal tradition, the level of procedural formalism, the constraints imposed by labour regulation and the effectiveness of trademark protection. While agency theory parameters seem to perform rather badly in this international setting, institutions such as trademark protection and labour regulation have more explanatory power: greater trademark protection encourages franchising and the impact of labour regulation is mostly positive, depending on the type of labour regulation that is being considered. The effect of legal tradition and formalism seems negligible once these parameters are taken in. JEL Classification D23 · F23 · K12     

制药用途专利在欧洲的终结及对我国的影响和启示

2010年2月19日,EPO扩大申诉委员会作出第G02/08号决定:新的欧洲专利公约Art.54(5)不仅将承认用于新的疾病适应症用途的已知药用化合物和组合物的新颖性,还将承认用于已知疾病适应症的新的治疗方法的已知药用化合物和组合物的新颖性,且其中的新的治疗方法包括新的给药方案.该决定同时裁定,今后EPO将不再承认制药用途(瑞士型)权利要求的合理性.该决定是在2007年底生效实施的EPC 2000就有关二次药用的药品专利政策所作改革的基础上的又一重要政策变化.在分析上述药品专利政策的变化根源和背景的基础上,探讨其对我国专利及医药产业政策的影响和启示.     

Criminal insanity in 19th-century Ireland,Europe and the United States: Cases,contexts and controversies

The insanity defence has a lengthy, complex history. This article provides a concise, comparative background to the evolution of criminal insanity legislation and institutions for the mentally ill in the nineteenth century, with particular reference to Ireland and the United States. Three key themes are identified and explored: (a) the emergence of the insanity defence in the nineteenth century (e.g. the McNaughtan Rules); (b) conditions in nineteenth-century asylums and institutions for the ‘criminally insane’ (with particular reference to overcrowding, physical illness and asylum deaths); and (c) nineteenth-century considerations of criminal responsibility in women with mental illness (with particular reference to medical and judicial views of the relevance of menstruation, pregnancy and child-birth). These themes are explored through review of historical literature (with particular reference to the work of Dr. Isaac Ray, founding father of forensic psychiatry in the United States) and examination of previously unpublished archival material from the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum, Dublin.     

Semiformal Organizations and Control During the COVID-19 Crisis in China

Scholars often compare China and Western societies in terms of dichotomous forms of control—formal and informal. Recent research indicates a nuanced form of social control—semiformal. Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. Findings from this study revealed that formal organizations, the semiformal organizations, and informal groups all participated in community control and service. Semiformal organizations had the highest level of participation. This study found that education and age are the two major predictors of the views on the importance of formal, informal, and semiformal control and control mechanisms.

     

船舶建造合同损害赔偿法律制度

在过去的几个月里,经济低迷,世界贸易增长放缓,很大程度上是由正在持续的金融危机导致的.各种造船订单正受到被取消或延期的威胁.因此,从英国法律的角度去理解适用于船舶建造合同的损害赔偿法律制度变得重要.如果造船厂以及船舶买家要违反船舶建造合同,则他们需要评估其相应的合法权利和义务.     

19世纪之前的中外法律交往

国家的发展离不开相互之间的交往 ,法律的发展也不例外。本文以 1 9世纪前的中外历史为背景 ,阐述中国法律文化的自主成长过程及其对外部世界的影响力。作为四大文明古国之一的中国 ,其文化对世界的影响是广泛的、深远的 ,这从 1 9世纪前欧洲学者对中国法律文化的浓厚研究兴趣中可略见一斑。     

海上保险合约中的承诺性保证条文

海上保险合约中的承诺性保证条文重要性十分显著。介绍海上保险合约中的承诺性保证条文,并结合相关案例对明示承诺性保证、默示承诺性保证、违反承诺性保证条文的严重后果及其法律地位的改变进行探讨。     

船舶建造合同损害赔偿法律制度

在过去的几个月里,经济低迷,世界贸易增长放缓,很大程度上是由正在持续的金融危机导致的。各种造船订单正受到被取消或延期的威胁。因此,从英国法律的角度去理解适用于船舶建造合同的损害赔偿法律制度变得重要。如果造船厂以及船舶买家要违反船舶建造合同,则他们需要评估其相应的合法权利和义务。     

Relativism and Universalism in Interrogation Fairness: A Comparative Analysis Between Europe and China

This paper addresses Chinese interrogation rules from historical and comparative perspectives by relating them to the very different development of interrogation procedure in Europe. A fuller understanding of the evolution of the rules in both contexts is relevant to the present day controversy concerning the universal versus relative nature of interrogation fairness. The comparative analysis reveals that, in fact, the influence of ancient Greek and Chinese civilizations resulted in a great difference between Europe and China regarding legal cultures and institutional arrangements for criminal interrogation procedure. Considering future legal reforms in China, and given the very different historical and institutional context, the likelihood seems low that an ‘autonomous version’ of the right to remain silent and the privilege against self-incrimination will develop on China’s very different soil. However, traditional native resources are also available to legal reformers to ensure a cooperative interviewing style in criminal questioning, and eliminate police-coerced confessions.     

中国与欧洲公众环境参与权的比较研究

公众参与权的保障与实现程度直接关系着民主决策的科学性和有效性,关系着全面建设社会主义现代化国家的进程。针对环境问题而言,如何从法律理论与实践两个层面更有效地回应公众的"参与权",值得深入研究。相较而言,欧洲的相关法律制度走在世界前列,从纵向发展的视角来看,中国和欧洲在保障公众环境参与权的进程以及所面临的挑战方面有着相似之处,欧洲经验对我国有着极其重要的借鉴作用。中国和欧洲公众环境参与权有着不同的理论基础、历史发展进程、参与范围、参与层次、参与阶段以及支持者。基于这些相似性和不同点,立足于中国的具体国情和实际,欧洲公众环境参与权保障法律机制能为我国解决类似挑战提供一些可能路径。