线粒体缺氧性损伤及其法医学意义

线粒体是真核细胞中特殊的细胞器,主要功能是进行氧化磷酸化合成细胞活动所需的能量,机体所摄入的氧气绝大部分都在线粒体中被消耗。机械性窒息的精准诊断是法医病理学实践中的难点之一,法医病理学工作者一直致力于寻找一种可靠、敏感的标志物用于机械性窒息的确诊。线粒体对于缺氧环境极为敏感,其损伤标志物或可作为诊断机械性窒息的依据。本文旨在综述缺氧环境下线粒体损伤的研究进展,并探索将线粒体损伤标志物用于法医病理学实践的可能性。     

Erythrocytes in cervical lymph nodes of the human as a sequela of stasis and/or lymph drainage. Questionable diagnostic significance in strangulation and mechanical injuries of the head

Information on the diagnostic significance of follicular hemorrhage and/or presence of red blood cells in the lymph node sinus was obtained by microscopic investigation of the superficial and deep human cervical lymph nodes. Fifty cases were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) cases without strangulation or mechanical head trauma; (2) cases in which death occurred by strangulation without additional mechanical head trauma; (3) cases without strangulation but with mechanical head trauma; (4) cases with strangulation and mechanical head trauma. The usual degree of stasis and hemorrhages and the dilation of the veins and/or capillaries are not sufficient to discriminate between cases with and cases without strangulation. Moreover, erythrocytes, erythrophages, and siderophages were encountered in the lymph node sinus of both cases with and cases without mechanical head trauma. Neither follicular hemorrhage nor the presence of red blood cells in the sinus is therefore diagnostically significant in forensic pathology.     

The diagnosis of intravital mechanical trauma by the blood EPR-spectral parameters

The author studied the possibility of diagnosing the lifetime occurrence of mechanical trauma by electron paramagnetic resonance on the basis of values of a constant related to the rate of reaction of spin probe recovery by blood in different time periods up to 28 days of postmortem interval.     

Model for the prediction of mechanical asphyxia as the cause of death based on four biological indexes in human cardiac tissue

Determination of mechanical asphyxia as the cause of death has always been difficult for forensic pathologists, particularly when signs of asphyxia are not obvious on the body. Currently, depending on only physical examination of corpses, pathologists must be cautious when making cause-of-death appraisals. In a previous study, four biomarkers—dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 2 (KCNJ2), miR-122, and miR-3185—were screened in human cardiac tissue from cadavers that died from mechanical asphyxia compared with those that died from craniocerebral injury, hemorrhagic shock, or other causes. Expression of the markers correlated with death from mechanical asphyxia regardless of age, environmental temperature, and postmortem interval. However, a single biological index is not an accurate basis for the identification of the cause of death. In this study, receiver operating characteristic curves of the ΔCq values of the four indexes were generated. The diagnostic accuracy of the indexes was judged according to their area under the curve (DUSP1: 0.773, KCNJ2: 0.775, miR-122: 0.667, and miR-3185: 0.801). Finally, a nomogram was generated, and single blind experiment was conducted to verify the cause of death of mechanical asphyxia.     

Establishing the cause of death in pneumopathies

The article deals with determination and differential diagnosis of the cause of death in different forms of pneumopathy and mechanical asphyxia on the basis of developed morphometric method for separate evaluation of the volume of lung tissue per se, the air and pathologic contents of airways.     

Has Legal Realism Damaged the Legitimacy of the U.S. Supreme Court?

Does understanding how U.S. Supreme Court justices actually decide cases undermine the institutional legitimacy of the nation's highest court? To the extent that ordinary people recognize that the justices are deciding legal disputes on the basis of their own ideological biases and preferences (legal realism and the attitudinal model), the belief that the justices merely “apply” the law (mechanical jurisprudence and the myth of legality) is difficult to sustain. Although it is easy to see how the legitimacy of the Supreme Court, the most unaccountable of all American political institutions, is nurtured by the view that judicial decisionmaking is discretionless and mechanical, the sources of institutional legitimacy under legal realism are less obvious. Here, we demonstrate, using a nationally representative sample, that the American people understand judicial decisionmaking in realistic terms, that they extend legitimacy to the Supreme Court, and they do so under the belief that judges exercise their discretion in a principled and sincere fashion. Belief in mechanical jurisprudence is therefore not a necessary underpinning of judicial legitimacy; belief in legal realism is not incompatible with legitimacy.     

论机动车交通事故责任强制保险的法律适用

机动车交通事故责任强制保险是以保护和救助生命为核心的制度,它与机动车第三者责任保险在法律依据、法律性质、责任划分、保险费率等诸多方面存在不同,在法律适用中不可混淆;若两者并存时,机动车交通事故责任强制保险优先适用,机动车第三者责任保险补充适用,以有效分散风险,同时,也为交通事故受害人设置了双重保护,更加有利于保证交通事故受害人得到及时救助;在诉讼中,机动车第三者责任强制保险的受害人可以以保险公司为被告,直接向其求偿;而机动车第三者责任险的受害人只能把保险公司列为无独立请求权的第三人。     

Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People*

Abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange. This condition is often lethal, usually requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to an intensive care unit. We present two fatal cases of hidden pneumonia in young people and discuss the pathophysiological mechanism of ARDS with reference to the histological pattern. A complete forensic approach by means of autopsy and histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological, examination was carried out. In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study.     

Ballistic skin simulant

Hydrogels prepared from water solutions containing 10-20 mass% gelatine are generally accepted muscle tissue simulants in terminal ballistic research. They, however, do not have a surface layer which simulates the effect of human skin. The purpose of this research was to find a suitable skin simulant for enhancing the testing fidelity and the credibility of the results with gelatine-based materials when assessing the injury potential of not only high energy bullets, but also especially that of non-penetrating "less lethal" kinetic impact ammunition and relatively low energy ricochet fragments. A skin simulant also permits the simulation and assessment of exit wounds. The mechanical and ballistic properties of human skin and target simulant were established on the basis of results found in the literature. Some errors in these were found. The corrected values are included in this paper for comparison. The target values of the mechanical properties of the skin simulant were the following: threshold velocity v(th)=94+/-4 m/s, tensile strength 18+/-2 N/mm2 and elongation at break 65+/-5%. A selection of synthetic and natural materials was evaluated as skin simulants by analysing their mechanical and ballistic properties. The results were compared to literature values obtained with human cadavers. The tests showed that the best skin simulant of the ones evaluated was semi-finished chrome tanned upholstery "crust" cowhide of 0.9-1.1 mm nominal thickness. Its threshold velocity was 90.7 m/s, tensile strength 20.89+/-4.11 MPa and elongation at break 61+/-9%. These values are the same as the average values of human skin. Of the synthetic materials evaluated, 1mm thick natural rubber can be used on impact side as a threshold velocity filter with some reservations although its theoretical threshold velocity is only 82.9 m/s.     

发射弹头痕迹特征的形成变化机理及应用

由于各种枪械的机件特征不同,枪支发射时将在弹头上留下反映枪械机件特点的种类及特定特征。通过研究枪械生产制作和使用过程中其部件特征形成的基础上,从弹道学原理入手,分析了枪支发射过程中弹头痕迹形成的机理和痕迹特征的变化因素,为枪支同一认定鉴定中检材与样本特征产生差异的原因分析及得出可靠的鉴定意见提供了科学的理论依据和实践方法。     

基于3D激光扫描、多刚体重建和遗传算法优化的车-人碰撞事故再现模拟与损伤分析

目的利用3D激光扫描技术,结合多刚体动力学和遗传算法优化对一起汽车与自行车及其骑车人碰撞的交通事故进行再现模拟与损伤分析,为法医学死因鉴定提供生物力学依据。方法利用3D激光扫描技术对肇事汽车进行测量,根据测量数据建立人-自行车-汽车多刚体模型,并设置优化变量的取值范围,利用多目标遗传算法,带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法求最优近似解,并与事故现场附近监控视频记录进行比较。结果事故车辆激光扫描重建结果良好,通过遗传算法优化收敛所获得的最优近似解中的假人、自行车、汽车的动力学行为与监控视频中所记录的三者动力学行为相符合,假人的损伤参数也与事故中骑车人的损伤情况及部位相一致。结论利用3D激光扫描技术,结合多刚体动力学和遗传算法优化可以对人-自行车-汽车碰撞前的运动状态、碰撞致伤过程进行重建,并对受害者的损伤进行力学分析,在交通事故受害人致伤方式鉴定及死因分析中具有应用价值。     

Pig Organ Energy Loss Comparison Experiments Using BBs

Torso models for ballistics research require that the mechanical properties of simulant materials must match the heterogeneous nature of tissues/organs within the human thorax/abdomen. A series of energy loss experiments were conducted on fresh porcine organs/tissues at room temperature and 37°C, using steel 4.5 mm BBs fired from a Daisy^® brand air rifle. They were compared to FBI and NATO specification ordnance gelatin and a candidate surrogate material called Simulant “A”. Two CED M2 chronographs measured BB velocity. The resulting energy loss was established using KE = 1/2 mv² before and after target perforation. The combined results at room temperature and 37°C were as follows: FBI specification gelatin was similar (p > 0.05) to heart and lung, spleen was similar to NATO specification gelatin, Simulant “A” was similar to hindquarter muscle, and hindquarter muscle, kidney, and spleen were similar to each other regarding energy retardation. These results can be used as a basis for the development of simulant materials to create an anatomically correct heterogeneous model.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of plasma thyroglobulin and its application to post-mortem diagnosis of mechanical asphyxia

A high sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of plasma thyroglobulin was devised and applied to the postmortem diagnosis of mechanical asphyxia. The sensitivity of the present ELISA was 5 ng/ml. All of the 15 victims who died from causes other than mechanical asphyxia showed plasma thyroglobulin levels lower than 200 ng/ml (99.8 +/- 37.9 ng/ml), while 12 out of 14 victims of mechanical asphyxia showed the levels higher than 200 ng/ml (2100 +/- 3450 ng/ml in 14 victims). Thus, the present ELISA appears to be useful for postmortem diagnosis of mechanical asphyxia.     

网络侵权案件的侵权行为地管辖依据评析

侵权行为地这一传统属地管辖依据能否适用于以及该如何适用于网络侵权案件，是具有理论和实践双重意义的重要问题。该依据虽然受到网络的冲击，但仍能适用于此类案件。然而，我们必须基于网络侵权行为的特殊性对其加以发展。“被告侵权设备所在地”作为被告侵权行为实施地管辖依据，具有确定性和合理性，应作为网络侵权案件的主要管辖依据。“原告发现侵权信息的计算机终端设备所在地”一般不能作为管辖依据。只有当被告侵权行为实施地难以确定时，它才可作为侵权结果发生地管辖依据而得以适用，成为网络侵权案件的辅助管辖依据。     

About the effect of alcohol and tiredness on the activity of tendon reflexes (author's transl)]

In order to estimate the combined effect of ethanol and fatigue on the activity of tendon reflexes, the mechanical threshhold and the latency of the patellar tendon, the radial and the biceps reflexes as well as the time of contraction of the musculus quadriceps femoris was investigated in men, with an ethanol level in blood at 80 mg % during elimination-period, and with tired subjects meaning that they hade done their usual daywork and had been awake for about 20 to 22 hours. The group, consisting of 21 male students, was then investigated under both these conditions. The patellar reflex was elicited by a specially constructed reflexhammer, by which the mechanical power could by measured exactly, from the angle of the position the hammer was released from and its known weight. The latency and the muscular contraction time were registered with electrodes on the skin by an oscillograph. The mechanical threshhold of the patellar, biceps and radial reflexes and the latency of there reflexes were significantly and equally impaired by ethanol as well as by fatigue. The combination of both these factors resulted in an almost exactly additional effect. The contractiontime of the m. quadriceps was prolonged more by fatigue than by ethanol. Comparing these results with fromer findings, a depressing effect of the formatio reticularis of the brainstem on the activity of the spinal motorcells is to be discussed. This impairment of neuro-muscular coordination and activity obviously is dangerous for drivers. It should especially be noted, that the effect of a wake period of 20 to 22 hours can be compared with that of a bloodlevel of 80 mg % ethanol as to the impairment of the tendon reflexes.     

Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: a review

Conjunctival and facial petechiae, although nonspecific findings, are considered hallmarks of asphyxial deaths. Consensus in the literature suggests that their pathogenesis is related to the combined effects of increased cephalic venous pressure and hypoxic damage to endothelial cells. Despite the common knowledge that they are neither predictable findings in all asphyxial deaths nor rare in natural, nonasphyxial deaths, the belief persists that petechiae are corroborative evidence of asphyxia. We suggest that a clear, physiologically based understanding of the pathogenesis of petechiae of the head is critical for their appropriate interpretation. We present a review of the literature and the basis of our conclusion that conjunctival and facial petechiae are the product of purely mechanical vascular phenomena, unrelated to asphyxia or hypoxia.     

自然,童心与诗:论英国19世纪浪漫主义文学中的童年意识

本着重论述了英国１９世纪浪漫主义学的自然与童心主题及其深刻的社会历史意义,认为在机器明主宰下的现代社会里,人性不可避免地趋向物化,实用主义和功利主义化,人了原本在自然状态下充分拥有的自由和善良的意志、崇高的想象力、纯真的好奇心和强烈的情感世界,使人变得封闭、迟钝和缺乏创造力,而这将导致整个人类明的匮农与衰退。因此,人类为自身的进步、发展与完善,就必须摆脱机器明的,回归浪漫主义的思想境界和     

mRNA和microRNA在机械性窒息死推断中的研究进展

机械性窒息死的推断是法医学鉴定的难点之一。利用实时荧光定量PCR（fluorogenic quantitative RT-PCR,RT-qPCR）技术检测RNA表达水平变化规律,并据之推测机械性窒息死亡的原因,近年来已成为研究热点。本文对mRNA和microRNA（miRNA或miR）在机械性窒息死推断的研究文献进行复习综述,并重点探讨miRNA在该类死因推断中的应用,以期为机械性窒息死推断提供新的思路。     

Destruction of a long tubular bone in combined mechanical and thermal exposures

Recent data on character of long tubular bone destruction in different combinations of exposure to mechanical and thermal factors are given. Patterns of bone lesions peculiar to high temperature effect were determined. Qualitative values of temperature effect on morphologic pattern of mechanical bone injury were obtained.