'To Secure the Blessings of Liberty': Liberty and American Federal Democracy

The founding and subsequent development of the United Stateshave been characterized by a tension between two kinds of liberty,which can be called natural liberty and federal liberty. Naturalliberty refers to the freedom of individuals to do as they pleasewithout being shackled by civil society. Federal liberty refersto the liberty to be a partner in establishing the covenantfounding civil society, and then the liberty to live accordingto the terms of the covenant. Federal liberty has taken twoforms in America: one concerning the relationship between individualsand civil society, and one concerning the relationship betweenthe states and the federal government under the U.S. Constitution.Out of the tension between natural and federal liberty, thereemerged two constitutional traditions: the U.S. constitutionaltradition, which has emphasized individualism and the marketplace,and the state constitutional tradition, which has emphasizedcommunity and commonwealth. Since the end of World War II, however,there has been a shift away from historic syntheses of marketplaceand commonwealth. Increasingly, the states have been deniedtheir constitutional powers to support any particular moralorder other than that of the marketplace, and the federal governmenthas undertaken to establish a new morality of equality for thenation as a whole.     

An Inquiry Concerning Liberty and Equality in the American Constitutional System

This essay is an examination of the theory of constitutionalchoice that was used to conceptualize and design the Americansystem of governance as grounded in liberty and justice. Theinquiry is pressed to deeper foundations concerning the methodof normative inquiry and presuppositions about how conflictcan be used to drive a due process of law and a due processof inquiry to achieve conflict resolution in a pluralistic systemof order.     

Simon Chesterman,One Nation Under Surveillance: A New Social Contract to Defend Freedom Without Sacrificing Liberty

Brigadier General Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph (Toronto and Montreal: McGraw‐Hill Ryerson, 1992). Pp.xvi + 372.

David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U‐boat Codes, 1939–1943 (Boston/London: Houghton Mifflin Company/Souvenir Press, 1991). Pp. xii + 336. US $24.95; £15.99.

Dino A. Brugioni, Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Random House, 1991). Pp. 9 + 622. US $35.00.

James Dubro and Robin Rowland, Undercover: Cases of the RCMP ‘s Most Secret Operative (Markham, Ontario: Octopus Publishing, 1991). Pp. 314. $28.95.

Stephen J. Cimbala, Clausewitz and Escalation: Classical Perspective on Nuclear Strategy (London: Frank Cass, 1991). Pp. 218. £32.00.

Roger Carey and Trevor C. Salmon (eds), International Security in the Modern World (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992). Pp. 241. £40.00.

Philip M. Taylor, War and Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992). Pp. 14 + 338; index. £9.95.

Alex Danchev (ed.), International Perspectives on the Falklands Conflict (London: Macmillan, 1992). Pp. xii + 277. £40.00.

Alex Danchev (ed.), The Franks Report: Falkland Islands Review (London: Pimlico, 1992). Pp. xxiv+106. £9.00.

Andrew Orgill, The Falklands War: Background, Conflict, Aftermath. An Annotated Bibliography (London: Mansell, 1993). Pp. xii + 132. £35.00.

R. Connaughton, Military Intervention in the 1990s (London: Routledge, 1992). Pp. 208. £40.00.

Steven Z. Freiberger, Dawn Over Suez: The Rise of American Power in the Middle East, 1953–1957 (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 1992). Pp. 286. US $26.50.

Sigmund Diamond, Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–55 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). Pp. ix +371. US $27.95.

David Cesarani, Justice Delayed: How Britain became a Refuge for Nazi War Criminals (London: Heinemann, 1992). Pp. 326. £17.50.

Gary S. Messinger, British Propaganda and the State in the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992). Pp. x + 292. £35.00.

Bradley F. Smith, The Ultra‐Magic Deals and the Most Secret Special Relationship 1940–1946 (Novalo, CA/Shrewsbury: Presidio Press/Airline Press). Pp. 176. $24.95; £17.95.

Peter R. Young (ed.), Defence and the Media in Time of Limited War (London: Frank Cass, 1992). Pp. 281. £30.00.

James Wood, A History of International Broadcasting (London: Peter Peregrinus, in association with the Science Museum, London, No. 19 in the Institution of Electrical Engineers’ History of Technology Series, 1992). Pp.264. £30.00.

Frank McLynn, Fitzroy Maclean (London: John Murray, 1992). Pp. 418. £25.00.

Peter Tennant, Touchlines of War (Hull: University of Hull Press, 1992). Pp. 312. £8.95.

Richard J. Aldrich (editor), British Intelligence, Strategy and the Cold War 1945–51 (London: Routledge, 1992). Pp. xiv + 347. £50.00 (hardback).     

Imagining the Economic Nation: The Scottish Case

The impending Scottish referendum on independence raises the question: what is a nation? This article addresses this question in terms of ‘economic nationhood’. Tracing the development of the Scottish economy over the last century and a half, it shows how the extraordinarily ‘globalised’ economy of pre‐1913 Scotland slowly evolved into a much more self‐reliant entity. Today, Scotland has a de‐industrialised and substantially de‐globalised economy, with a very large public sector about which key decisions are made in Edinburgh. Scotland has become much more of an economic ‘community of fate’ than ever before in its modern history.