Child Sexual Abuse in Turkey: An Analysis of 1002 Cases

This study investigated the characteristics of abuse suffered by children, the dimensions of the psychiatric effects associated with abuse, and the factors affecting these. One thousand two cases aged under 18, exposed to sexual abuse, and referred over a 7‐year period were assessed. Girls represented 80.8% of cases, and the numbers rose with age. The aggressors were all male, and 88.2% were known to their victim. Approximately half the children were exposed to sexual abuse involving penetration. Psychological pathology was identified in 62.1%. Female gender, the presence of penetration, physical violence, and incest significantly increased the development of psychological pathology. Levels of awareness in people close to and trusted by the child must be raised to minimize the adverse effects of trauma in the long term, preventive measures must be taken, and medical and social support units from which victims can receive assistance need to be established.     

Microscopic Saw Mark Analysis: An Empirical Approach

Microscopic saw mark analysis is a well published and generally accepted qualitative analytical method. However, little research has focused on identifying and mitigating potential sources of error associated with the method. The presented study proposes the use of classification trees and random forest classifiers as an optimal, statistically sound approach to mitigate the potential for error of variability and outcome error in microscopic saw mark analysis. The statistical model was applied to 58 experimental saw marks created with four types of saws. The saw marks were made in fresh human femurs obtained through anatomical gift and were analyzed using a Keyence digital microscope. The statistical approach weighed the variables based on discriminatory value and produced decision trees with an associated outcome error rate of 8.62–17.82%.     

Impacts of Monetary,Fiscal and Exchange Rate Policies on Output in China: A Var Approach

Applying the VAR model and using the interest rate as a monetary policy variable, we find that in the long run, output in China responds negatively to a shock to the interest rate, the real exchange rate, government debt, or the inflation rate, and it reacts positively to a shock to government deficits or lagged own output. When real M2 is chosen as a monetary policy variable, long-term output in China responds positively to a shock to real M2 or lagged own output, and it reacts negatively to a shock to the real exchange rate, government debt, or government deficits. Its response to a shock to the inflation rate is negative when government debt is used and is positive when government deficits are considered. In the short run, fiscal policy is more important than monetary policy in three out of four cases. In the long run, monetary policy is more influential than fiscal policy in three out of four cases. Therefore, the government may consider conducting monetary and fiscal policies differently in the short run and long run. The government needs to be cautious in pursuing deficit spending as its long-term impacts depend on the monetary variable employed. The policy of maintaining a relatively stable exchange rate is appropriate as the depreciation of the Yuan may hurt the economy in the short run.     

转型期的资本投资、产业结构与中国就业效应

通过构建劳动需求的多因素模型,对转型期影响就业的因素进行回归分析与协整检验,结果显示:资本投资、产业结构变动方向和速度、实际工资是影响转型期中国就业的主要因素;资本投资、产业结构变动方向、实际工资与就业正相关,产业结构变动速度与就业负相关;产业结构变动的就业创造效应大于就业破坏效应,产业结构变动的净结果使就业增加;转型期的就业与资本投资、产业结构变动方向及速度之间存在长期稳定的协整关系.     

广义刑事政策视角下的刑事政策横向结构分析

刑事政策的横向结构是指刑事政策体系内各分系统之间的关系。刑事政策的分系统是指刑事惩罚政策和社会预防政策。刑事惩罚政策是指国家机关运用刑事法律与违法犯罪作斗争的一切手段、方法和措施,包括刑事立法政策、刑事司法政策和刑事执行政策。刑事立法政策是指在刑事立法中的策略、方针和原则,是刑事立法的灵魂。刑事司法政策是指导刑事司法实践的具体指导思想和策略原则。刑事执行政策是指导刑事执行实践的具体指导思想和策略原则。当代刑事惩罚政策已经出现了犯罪化与非犯罪化和轻刑化、非监禁化和行刑社会化以及两极化的发展趋势。社会预防政策是指直接或间接地对犯罪的控制和预防产生影响的具体措施、策略和方法。社会预防政策可以分为宏观预防政策与微观预防政策。在社会转型期,社会预防政策也应进行合理的调整。     

Reentry and the Ties that Bind: An Examination of Social Ties,Employment, and Recidivism

Scholars consistently find that reentering offenders who obtain steady work and maintain social ties to family are less likely to recidivate. Some theorize that familial ties may operate through employment to influence recidivism and that such ties may also serve a moderating role. The current study employs an integrated conceptual framework in order to test hypotheses about the link between familial ties, post‐release employment, and recidivism. The findings suggest that family ties have implications for both recidivism and job attainment. In fact, the results suggest that good quality social ties may be particularly important for men with histories of frequent unemployment. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to theory and future research on prisoner reentry and recidivism.     

WTO与WIPO:TRIPS协议框架中的冲突性因素与合作契机之探讨

经过乌拉圭回合长达7年艰苦谈判而最终达成的TRIPS协议,是迄今为止知识产权国际保护中涵盖面最广,总体保护标准最高的知识产权条约.TRIPS协议是世界贸易组织(WTO)法律框架中最为重要的协议之一,是迄今为止知识产权国际保护体系中涵盖面最广,总体保护标准最高的知识产权条约.这也就意味着WTO必然在许多方面超越了世界知识产权组织(WIPO)的职能,并在WIPO之外形成了一个崭新的知识产权国际保护体制.     

公安院校大学生择业因素调查分析

就业制度的改革对公安院校的毕业生就业制度产生了较为深刻的影响。在新形势下，公安院校大学生在择业目标、价值观、道德、心理等方面有着特定的取向。只有转变观念，改进工作方法，建立健全就业指导队伍，拓宽与用人单位的联系机制，才能更好地搞好大学生的就业工作。     

Contract, Employment and the Contract of Employment

Many of the rights and duties of the parties in an employmentrelationship arise out of the characterisation of the contractof employment as such. Employment also occurs by virtue of thefact that a contract of employment has been entered into. Inconsequence, it is natural to think of the contract of employmentand the employment relationship as co-existent. It is thus ofsome importance, both in legal theory and in practice, to establisha logical account of the rights and obligations between theparties that exist because of the contract of employment otherthan during the period of employment, both after and possiblybefore that relationship exists. Various possible accounts areexplored, and the conclusion is reached that the theoreticalnexus between employment and contracts of employment shouldbe broken in order to provide a more logical conceptual framework.     

我国省域科技投入产出效率的实证分析

科技是经济发展的推动力.为促进我国各地区科技资源的合理配置,必须尽快建立科学合理的科技投入产出效率评价机制.运用数据包络分析方法(DEA),对我国各省域2004-2006年科技投入的总体效率、纯技术效率、规模效率和规模收益进行实证分析,并在此基础上利用改进的DEA模型对各省域的效率进行排序,可以为采取相应的政策措施提供依据,以促进各地区经济持续、均衡和协调发展.     

Structure and Function: Impact on Employment of Women in Law Enforcement

Although women experienced a marked increase in representation as full-time sworn law enforcement officers during the 1980s and 1990s, growth has slowed in recent years and women continue to be underrepresented in the profession. Employing multiple waves of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics data, this study describes trends in representation of women in policing and explores their continued lack of representation to determine whether organizational variables (structure and function) work to support a hegemonic masculinity and whether those structures are malleable over time. Results from a series of ordinary least squares regression models indicate several structural impediments to women in policing, but these are not consistent barriers.     

Mandate,Discretion, and Professionalisation in an Employment Standards Enforcement Agency: An Antipodean Experience

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of scholarly interest in the operation and effect of labour inspectorates around the world. This article aims to contribute to this mounting comparative and socio‐legal literature by considering the emergence of an active and high‐profile enforcement agency in Australia—the Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO). Drawing on the experiences of inspectors and senior managers at the FWO, we examine the structure and mandate of the agency, as well as the discretion afforded to, and the professionalisation of, individual inspectors. While some have sought to draw a distinction between a rule‐bound, specialised approach characteristic of certain Anglo‐American countries and the so‐called Franco‐Iberian model, which places a greater emphasis on flexibility and pragmatism, we found that the FWO does not necessarily fit neatly within this dichotomy. Rather, we observe that as the FWO is a new institution, its mode of operation is in the process of evolution. At present it is pluralistic, in the sense that it exhibits a hierarchical, procedural approach in a drive to address concerns of consistency and accountability, while at the same time allowing, and sometimes encouraging, individuals to be experimental and adaptive.     

公共产品法律调整模式分析

公共产品经济是一个与私人产品经济不同的领域,有其独特的性质、供给机制与消费特征,市场机制不能正常发挥作用,需要国家经济权力在此进行强有力的干预,由此产生的各类经济关系需要法律的有效调整。公共产品法律调整在调整对象、价值取向、调整原则及调整方式上的特点使其在法律调整模式选择上超越民商法、行政法等而与经济法形成价值基准与方法论的对接,对公共产品进行经济法审视对经济转型时期的中国具有重要的理论与现实意义。     

分配结构的财税法调整

我国不合理的分配结构导致的大量分配问题,需要通过调整和优化分配结构来解决,其关键是改变分配制度中的收益分配权配置;对于分配结构的调整,传统法和现代法的功用各不相同,而财税法的功用则更为突出;财税法作为"分配法"所蕴含的分配理论,是分配结构调整的理论基础;财税法具体制度的调整和完善,有助于解决分配结构失衡、分配差距过大和分配不公等突出问题,对于维护分配秩序和实现分配正义尤为重要。     

市场需求对钢铁行业产能配置的非对称动态调整机制研究

本文以钢铁行业为例,揭示市场需求对投资和产能配置的作用机制和效应。在构建包含需求动态缺口的理论模型的基础上,本文选择2003年以来钢铁行业的季度数据,运用时变参数模型对需求诱导下产能配置的非对称性调整机制进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,需求引致性投资动态及其非对称周期运动使钢铁产能的形成与退出两阶段呈现出明显的非对称特征;在供需形势频繁转换的情形下产能的自身修正机制作用有限,一旦产能偏离均衡程度超出自身调整机制阈值,将无法通过市场调节向均衡回复,由此产生超乎寻常的试错成本。准确把握上述规律是实现市场在资源配置中起决定性作用的同时,更好地发挥政府作用的前提。     

Crime,Employment and Social Welfare: An Individual-Level Study on Disadvantaged Males

Objectives

We seek evidence for economic and social mechanisms that aim to explain the relationship between employment and crime. We use the distinctive features of social welfare for identification.

Methods

We consider a sample of disadvantaged males from The Netherlands who are observed between ages 18 and 32 on a monthly time scale. We simultaneously model the offending, employment and social welfare variables using a dynamic discrete choice model, where we allow for state dependence, reciprocal effects and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity.

Results

We find significant negative bi-directional structural effects between employment and property crime. Robustness checks show that only regular employment is able to significantly reduce the offending probability. Further, a significant uni-directional effect is found for the public assistance category of social welfare on property offending.

Conclusion

The results highlight the importance of economic incentives for explaining the relationship between employment and crime for disadvantaged individuals. For these individuals the crime reducing effects from the public assistance category of social welfare are statistically equivalent to those from employment, which suggests the importance of financial gains. Further, the results suggest that stigmatizing effects from offending severely reduce future employment probabilities.

     

著作财产权客体结构中的使用行为——审视著作权法权利作用“焦点”的一个阐释进路

知识产权客体是一种多重构造体系,除涵盖知识产权处分客体(知识产权利益)以外,还存在知识产权支配客体(使用行为)与行为客体(抽象物)之分。就著作财产权而言,权利作用"焦点"的行为客体路径更多制造的是表述模糊的历史性概念,在权利边界的设定方式上难以限定,并不能一劳永逸地解决著作财产权的权利作用"焦点"困境。著作财产权的支配权能并非指向独占之作品,而是限制他人对作品的某些使用行为。支配客体(使用行为)路径始终贯穿于著作财产权的权利作用"焦点"思路当中。在反思著作财产权的支配客体,对使用行为进行定性与价值判断时,应避免时下"合理使用"原则、"三步检验法"传统规则的价值偏向与闭合趋势。使用行为的"商业性"和"公开性"(即"公"、"私"区分)作为"合理使用"原则、"三步检验法"等使用行为定性及价值判断基准仍具有重要的补充和参考作用。     

农民、就业与法律父爱主义——以《就业促进法》为例

在现代化转型的大背景下,农民就业成为涉及全局的大问题,也是相关立法必须解决的难题。如果立法中的规定强调政府主导而不注重权利保护,就可能导致法律父爱主义的倾向。《就业促进法》浓厚的法律父爱主义色彩埋下了政府裁量权过大、农民就业权受侵蚀等隐患。为此,应彰显农民的就业权利和自由,以理性、确定和比例三原则来规制政府行为,淡化甚至褪去立法的父爱主义色彩,走出价值悖论的迷宫,使该法善始善终,最终实现其促进就业的目的。     

Speech Watermarking: An Approach for the Forensic Analysis of Digital Telephonic Recordings*

Abstract: In this article, the authors discuss the problem of forensic authentication of digital audio recordings. Although forensic audio has been addressed in several articles, the existing approaches are focused on analog magnetic recordings, which are less prevalent because of the large amount of digital recorders available on the market (optical, solid state, hard disks, etc.). An approach based on digital signal processing that consists of spread spectrum techniques for speech watermarking is presented. This approach presents the advantage that the authentication is based on the signal itself rather than the recording format. Thus, it is valid for usual recording devices in police‐controlled telephone intercepts. In addition, our proposal allows for the introduction of relevant information such as the recording date and time and all the relevant data (this is not always possible with classical systems). Our experimental results reveal that the speech watermarking procedure does not interfere in a significant way with the posterior forensic speaker identification.